Chemistry
type: Ontology
abstract: Defines physical quantities in the International System of Quantities (ISQ). ISQ was made an official ISO standard in 2009 and is defined in the ISO/IEC 80000 standard. ISQ underlines the SI system and defines physical quanties that are measured with SI units. ISQ has 7 base quantities and many derived quantities defined in terms of the 7 base quantities. The number of derived quantities not closed and may increase based on the need by domain ontologies.
abstract: Defines properties as the result of an observation process. Observation is a semiotic process that stimulate an interpretant within the interpreter who communicates the perception result to other interpreters through a sign, which is the property. Hence, properties creates a link between the holistic and the perceptual perspectives. Subclasses of property are subclasses that spesialise the type of observation process.
abstract: Defines the formal language of metrology, including theoretical and practical aspects of measurements. This module is based on the International vocabulary of metrology (VIM) as well as the ISO/IEC 80000 standard.
abstract: Defines the holistic perspective which include process and the role of its participants. Processes are 4D object's that unfolds in time in a way that has a meaning to the ontologist with participants who's role is assigned by the ontologist.
abstract: Defines the perceptual perspective, which which categorises real world objects according to how they are percieved by an user as a recognisable pattern in space or time. The perceptual module includes formal languages, pictures, geometry, mathematics and sounds. Phenomenic objects can be used in a semiotic process as signs.
abstract: Defines the reductionistic perspective, which uses the fundamental non-transitive parthood relation, called direct parthood, to provide a powerful granularity description of multiscale real world objects. EMMO can in principle represents the Universe with direct parthood relations as a direct rooted tree up to its elementary constituents. In addition to direct parthood, the reductionistic module defines 'State' as a tesselation of spatial direct parts with no change of granularity or cardinality and 'Existent' as a tesselation of temporal direct parts.
abstract: Defines the root of the physicalistic perspective that introduces the concept of real world objects that have a meaning for the ontologist under an applied physics perspective.
abstract: Describes manufacturing processes with engeneered participants. The module also provides a root for engeneered materials.
abstract: Elemental Multiperspective Material Ontology (EMMO) EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world. EMMO is released under a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
abstract: Introduces the fundamental mereotopological concepts of EMMO and their relations with the real world objects that they represent. EMMO uses mereotopology as the ground for all the subsequent ontology modules. The concept of topological connection is used to define the first distinction between ontology entities namely the 'Item' and 'Collection' classes. Items are causally self-connected objects, while collections are causally disconnected. Quantum mereology is represented by the 'Quantum' class. This module introduces also the fundamental mereotopological relations used to distinguish between space and time dimensions. Defines 'Physical', which is the superclass for all real world objects and its complement, 'Void'. It also define the 'Elementary' class, that restricts mereological atomism in space.
abstract: Ontology to model processes
abstract: The chemistry module populates the physicalistic perspective with materials subclasses categorised according to modern applied chemistry.
abstract: The domain module is a container that imports some common domain extensions of EMMO middle. The intension is to provide examples for developers of EMMO-based domain ontologies.
abstract: The materials module populates the physicalistic perspective with materials subclasses categorised according to modern applied physical sciences.
abstract: The math module defines the formal language of mathematics. Mathematical objects represents graphical objects based on graphical symbols arranged according the rules of math.
abstract: The models module defines models as semiotic signs that stands for an object by resembling or imitating it, in shape or by sharing a similar logical structure.
abstract: The module 'siunits' defines the 7 base units and 22 derived units as well as the metric prefixes specified in the SI system. All additional derived units, SI-based or not, goes into the 'units-extension' module.
abstract: The module 'units-extension' defines all units in EMMO middle that are not included in the 'siumits' module.
abstract: The periodic table domain ontology provide a simple reference implementation of all atoms in the periodic table with a few selected conventional properties. It is ment as both an example for other domain ontologies as well as a useful assert by itself. Periodic table is released under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0).
abstract: The perspective module provides the practical implementation of the EMMO pluralistic approach for which the only objective categorization is provided by the Universe individual and all the Quantum individuals. Between these two extremes, there are several subjective ways to categorize real world objects, each one provide under a 'Perspective' subclass.
abstract: The semiotics module is based on the semiotic theory by Charles S. Peirce. It introduces the triadic semiotic process, called semiosis, with its participants an 'object' that is represented by a 'sign' producing another sign, the 'interpretant' and finally the 'interpreter' who connects the 'object', 'sign' and 'interpretant'. The role of abstract objects are in EMMO fulfilled by semiotic objects, i.e. real world objects (e.g. symbol or sign) that stand for other real world objects that are to be interpreted by an agent. These symbols appear in actions (semiotic processes) meant to communicate meaning by establishing relationships between symbols (signs).
contributor: Access, DE
contributor: Adham Hashibon, Fraunhofer IWM, DE
contributor: Fraunhofer IWM, DE
contributor: Georg Schmitz, Access, DE
contributor: Gerhard Goldbeck, Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
contributor: Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK)
contributor: Jesper Friis, SINTEF, NO
contributor: SINTEF
contributor: SINTEF, NO
contributor: University of Bologna
contributor: University of Bologna, IT
creator: Adham Hashibon
creator: Emanuele Ghedini
creator: Emanuele Ghedini, University of Bologna, IT
creator: Francesca Lønstad Bleken
creator: Georg Schmitz
creator: Gerhard Goldbeck
creator: Jesper Friis
creator: Simon Stier <simon.stier@isc.fraunhofer.de>
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
publisher: EMMC ASBL
title: Domain
title: Elementary Multiperspective Material Ontology
title: Holistic
title: International System of Quantities (ISQ)
title: Manufacturing
title: Materials
title: Math
title: Metrology
title: Models
title: Perceptual
title: Periodic table
title: Persholistic
title: Persistence
title: Perspective
title: Physicalistic
title: Properties
title: Reductionistic
title: SI units
title: Semiotics
title: Top
title: Units extension
comment: Contacts: Gerhard Goldbeck Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com Emanuele Ghedini University of Bologna (IT) email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
comment: The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
comment: This ontology is generated with EMMOntoPy using data from the ASE Python package.
comment: You can contact EMMO Authors via emmo@emmc.eu
version info: 1.0.0-beta3

qudtReference
type: AnnotationProperty
elucidation: URL to corresponing entity in QUDT.

omReference
type: AnnotationProperty
elucidation: IRI to corresponding concept in the Ontology of units of Measure.

ISO9000Reference
type: AnnotationProperty

dbpediaReference
type: AnnotationProperty
elucidation: URL to corresponding dpbedia entry.

etymology
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: Definitions are usually taken from Wiktionary

definition
type: AnnotationProperty
elucidation: Precise and univocal description of an ontological entity in the framework of an axiomatic system. A definition uses entities in an ontological system to identify other derivate ontological entities within the same system.

ISO80000Reference
type: AnnotationProperty
elucidation: Corresponding item number in ISO 80 000.
example: 3-1.1 (ISO80000 reference to length)

ISO14040Reference
type: AnnotationProperty

elucidation
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: Short enlightening explanation of an ontological entity aimed to facilitate the connection (interpretation) between the ontological concept and a real-world object. An elucidation provides the meta-ontological semiotic relation that connects an entity within the ontology, to a real-world entity outside the ontology. This process is subjective, depends on the agent that draws this connection (e.g. the EMMO user, a machine), and is independent (outside) from the ontology representational capabilities.

example
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: Illustrative example of how the entity is used.

VIMTerm
type: AnnotationProperty
example: quantity value (term in VIM that corresponds to Quantity in EMMO)
comment: The term in the International vocabulary of metrology (VIM) (JCGM 200:2008) that corresponds to the annotated term in EMMO.

comment
type: AnnotationProperty
elucidation: A text that add some information about the entity.
comment: A comment can be addressed to facilitate interpretation, to suggest possible usage, to clarify the concepts behind each entity with respect to other ontological apporaches.

wikipediaReference
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: URL to corresponding Wikipedia entry.

iupacReference
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: DOI to corresponding concept in IUPAC

seeAlso
comment: EMMO applies the naming convension to its sub-properties of rdfs:seeAlso that their label must end with one of the following terms: - 'Match': resolvable URLs to corresponding entity in another ontology - 'Entry': resolvable URLs to a human readable resource describing the subject - 'Ref': non-resolvable reference to a human readable resource describing the subject
comment: Indicate a resource that might provide additional information about the subject resource.

hasDeducer
type: ObjectProperty

hasQuantitativeProperty
type: ObjectProperty

hasOutcome
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The relation between a process and the entity that represents how things have turned out.

hasDeclared
type: ObjectProperty

hasManufacturedOutput
type: ObjectProperty

hasProductOutput
type: ObjectProperty

hasStatus
type: ObjectProperty

hasConventionalQuantity
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: Assigns a quantity to an object by convention.
example: An Hydrogen atom has the quantity atomic number Z = 1 as its conventional property.
comment: An object can be represented by a quantity for the fact that it has been recognized to belong to a specific class. The quantity is selected without an observation aimed to measure its actual value, but by convention.

hasPart
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
elucidation: The primitive relation that express the concept of an object being part of another one.
comment: All other mereology relations are defined using hasPart as primitive. It is expressed in FOL by predicate P.

semiotical
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The generic EMMO semiotical relation.

hasModel
type: ObjectProperty

hasIndex
type: ObjectProperty

hasInterval
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The relation between a process whole and a temporal part of the same type.

hasVariable
type: ObjectProperty

hasTemporaryParticipant
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between a process P and an object whole O that overcrosses it. The intersection between P and O is a participant of P.

hasIcon
type: ObjectProperty

hasComponent
type: ObjectProperty

mereological
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The superclass of all mereological EMMO relations.
comment: The EMMO adheres to Atomistic General Extensional Mereology (AGEM).

hasServiceOutput
type: ObjectProperty

hasInterpreter
type: ObjectProperty

isTimeContactWith
type: ObjectProperty
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
alternative label: isTemporalNextOf

isCausallyDisconnectedWith
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty

hasCognised
type: ObjectProperty

hasCogniser
type: ObjectProperty

hasHolisticOvercross
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: A relation between two holistic wholes that overcross, sharing one of their holistic parts.
example: A man and the process of building a house. The man is a whole that possesses an holistic temporal part which is an interval of six monts and represents a working period in his lifetime. The process of building a house is a whole that possesses an holistic spatial part which is a builder. The working period of the man and the builder participating the building process are the same individual, belonging both to a man lifetime and to a building holistic views. In this sense, the man and the building process overcrosses. and the overlapping individual is represented differently in both holistic views.
comment: This relation is about two wholes that overlap, and whose intersection is an holistic part of both.

isDirectCauseFor
type: ObjectProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty

isDirectEffectOf
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty

hasHolisticSpatialPart
type: ObjectProperty

hasSign
type: ObjectProperty

hasHolisticRelation
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The relation between a holistic whole and its related entities, being them parts or other overlapping entities.

hasTemporalDirectPart
type: ObjectProperty
type: InverseFunctionalProperty
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
elucidation: A relation that establishes for the whole a univocal tessellation in temporal parts.

hasSpatialDirectIncidentalPart
type: ObjectProperty
type: InverseFunctionalProperty
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
elucidation: A relation that establishes for the whole a univocal tessellation in spatio temporal parts.

isCausallyconnectedWith
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
comment: Causality is a topological property between connected items. Items being connected means that there is a topological contact or "interaction" between them.

hasRedundantPart
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The relation between a whole and its mereological parts that are still holistic wholes.
example: A volume of water has redundand parts other volumes of water. All this volumes have holistic parts some water molecules.
comment: The purpose of this relation is to provide a parhood relation that does not go deep enough, in terms of decomposition, to break the holistic definition of the whole. On the contrary, the holistic parthood, is expected to go that deep.

hasReferenceUnit
type: ObjectProperty
type: InverseFunctionalProperty
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
comment: Relates the physical quantity to its unit through spatial direct parthood.
version info: In EMMO version 1.0.0-beta3, physical quantities used the hasReferenceUnit object property to relate them to their units via physical dimensionality. This was simplified in 1.0.0-alpha3 in order to make reasoning faster. The restriction (e.g. for the physical quantity Length) Length hasReferenceUnit only (hasPhysicsDimension only LengthDimension) was in 1.0.0-alpha3 changed to Length hasPhysicsDimension some LengthDimension Likewise were the universal restrictions on the corresponding unit changed to excistential. E.g. Metre hasPhysicsDimension only LengthDimension was changed to Metre hasPhysicsDimension some LengthDimension The label of this class was also changed from PhysicsDimension to PhysicalDimension.

hasMember
type: ObjectProperty
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
elucidation: The relation between a collection and one of its items.

hasSpatialIncidentalPart
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
elucidation: A proper part of the whole that is not Spatial or Temporal.
comment: This relation catche generic parts of a 4D object that does not fully cover the lifetime extent of the whole (spatial) nor the full spatial extent (temporal).

hasSubObject
type: ObjectProperty

hasDirectPart
type: ObjectProperty
alternative label: isReductionisticWholeFor

hasTemporalPart
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
elucidation: A relation that identify a proper item part of the whole, whose parts always cover the full spatial extension of the whole within a time interval.
comment: In EMMO FOL this is a defined property. In OWL temporal relations are primitive.

hasInterpretant
type: ObjectProperty

isSpaceContactWith
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty

hasHolisticPart
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The relation between the whole and a proper part of the whole that scale down to the point which it lose the characteristics of the whole and become something else.
example: An holistic part of water fluid is a water molecule.

hasQuantityValue
type: ObjectProperty
type: InverseFunctionalProperty
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
comment: Relates a quantity to its reference unit through spatial direct parthood.

hasProperPart
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
definition: PPxy ≡ Pxy ∧ ¬Pyx

hasContactWith
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty

hasOvercrossing
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
definition: OXxy ≡ Oxy ∧ ¬Pxy

hasHolisticTemporalPart
type: ObjectProperty

hasDeduced
type: ObjectProperty

topological
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The superclass of all topological EMMO relations.

hasParticipant
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The relation between a process and an object participating to it, i.e. that is relevant to the process itself.
comment: Participation is a parthood relation: you must be part of the process to contribute to it. A participant whose 4D extension is totally contained within the process. Participation is not under direct parthood since a process is not strictly related to reductionism, but it's a way to categorize temporal regions by the interpreters.

hasPortion
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The relation between a object whole and its spatial of the same type.
example: A volume of 1 cc of milk within a 1 litre can be considered still milk as a whole. If you scale down to a cluster of molecules, than the milk cannot be considered a fluid no more (and then no more a milk).

hasSpatialDirectEssentialPart
type: ObjectProperty
type: InverseFunctionalProperty
type: AsymmetricProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty
elucidation: A relation that establishes for the whole a univocal tessellation in spatial parts.

isIndirectCauseFor
type: ObjectProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty

hasModelledQuantity
type: ObjectProperty

hasPhysicalDimension
type: ObjectProperty

hasProcessOutput
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The outcome of an intentional process.
comment: The partial overlapping is required since the creating process is distinct with the process in which the product is used or consumed.
alternative label: hasProduct

hasDeclarer
type: ObjectProperty

hasCharacterised
type: ObjectProperty

hasSubProcess
type: ObjectProperty

isCauseFor
type: ObjectProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty

isEffectOf
type: ObjectProperty
type: IrreflexiveProperty

hasOverlap
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
definition: Oxy ≡ ∃z(Pzx∧Pzy)

hasConstituent
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The relation between an object and one of its holistic part that contributes to the object under some spatial-based criteria.

hasSpatialPart
type: ObjectProperty

hasProperty
type: ObjectProperty

hasConstitutiveProcess
type: ObjectProperty

hasConvention
type: ObjectProperty

hasBehaviour
type: ObjectProperty

EMMORelation
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
elucidation: The superclass for all relations used by the EMMO.

hasCharacteriser
type: ObjectProperty

hasStage
type: ObjectProperty

hasReferent
type: ObjectProperty
alternative label: hasSemioticObject

hasSpatialEssentialPart
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
elucidation: A relation that identify a proper part of the whole that extends itself in time along the overall lifetime of the whole, and whose parts never cover the full spatial extension of the 4D whole.
comment: In EMMO FOL this is a defined property. In OWL spatial relations are primitive.

hasMeasuredQuantity
type: ObjectProperty

hasTemporalCollectionPart
type: ObjectProperty

hasTemporalItemPart
type: ObjectProperty

hasChemicalSymbol
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The chemical symbol of an atomic element.

hasProcessInput
type: ObjectProperty
elucidation: The input of an intentional process.

fulfillsRole
type: ObjectProperty

hasPredecessor
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty

hasInput
type: ObjectProperty

hasOutput
type: ObjectProperty

hasSpatialNext
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
comment: preserved from emmo beta 1

hasSuccessor
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty

hasSymbolData
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
range: string

hasNumericalData
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
type: FunctionalProperty

hasIUPAC2016AtomicMass
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
range: decimal
elucidation: The mass of an atomic element according to IUPAC 2016.
comment: This is a convenient shortcut for the measurement process process of the atomic mass reported by IUPAC2016.

hasAtomicNumber
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
range: integer
elucidation: The atomic number of an atomic element.
comment: This is a convenient shortcut for the conventional declaration process of assigning an atomic number to an atom subclass.

Gray
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Gy
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/GRAY
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02696
comment: Measurement unit for absorbed dose.

Semiosis
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A 'Process', that has participant an 'Interpreter', that is aimed to produce a 'Sign' representing another participant, the 'Object'.
example: Me looking a cat and saying loud: "Cat!" -> the semiosis process me -> interpreter cat -> object (in Peirce semiotics) the cat perceived by my mind -> interpretant "Cat!" -> sign, the produced sign

CommercialProduct
type: Class
elucidation: An product that is manufactured or refined and ready for commercialization.
alternative label: Product

Dalton
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Da
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/Dalton
dbpediaReference: http://dbpedia.org/page/Unified_atomic_mass_unit
definition: One dalton is defined as one twelfth of the mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01514

Factory
type: Class
elucidation: A building or group of buildings where goods are manufactured or assembled.
alternative label: IndustrialPlant

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Factory
etymology: From Latin factor, from fact- ‘done’, from the verb facere (to do).

Holistic
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
definition: The union of classes whole and part.
elucidation: A perspective characterized by the belief that some mereological parts of a whole (holistic parts) are intimately interconnected and explicable only by reference to the whole and vice versa.
example: A molecule of a body can have role in the body evolution, without caring if its part of a specific organ and without specifying the time interval in which this role occurred.
comment: An holistic perspective considers each part of the whole as equally important, without the need of a granularity hierarchy (in time or space). The interest is on the whole 4D object and on its 4D parts (how they contribute to the whole, i.e. their roles), without going further into specifying the spatial hierarchy or the temporal position of each part. This class allows the picking of parts without necessarily going trough a rigid hierarchy of spatial compositions (e.g. body -> organ -> cell -> molecule) or temporal composition. This is inline with the transitive nature of parrhood, as it is usually defined in literature.
alternative label: Wholistic

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Wholistic
etymology: From the word 'holistic' with the 'w-' prefix, due to the affinity with the existing word 'whole', that share the same meaning of 'holos'.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Holistic
etymology: Holism (from Greek ὅλος holos "all, whole, entire").

PhysicalQuantity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A 'Mathematical' entity that is made of a 'Numeral' and a 'MeasurementUnit' defined by a physical law, connected to a physical entity through a model perspective. Measurement is done according to the same model.
comment: In the same system of quantities, dim ρB = ML−3 is the quantity dimension of mass concentration of component B, and ML−3 is also the quantity dimension of mass density, ρ. ISO 80000-1
comment: Measured or simulated 'physical propertiy'-s are always defined by a physical law, connected to a physical entity through a model perspective and measurement is done according to the same model. Systems of units suggests that this is the correct approach, since except for the fundamental units (length, time, charge) every other unit is derived by mathematical relations between these fundamental units, implying a physical laws or definitions.
comment: Measurement units of quantities of the same quantity dimension may be designated by the same name and symbol even when the quantities are not of the same kind. For example, joule per kelvin and J/K are respectively the name and symbol of both a measurement unit of heat capacity and a measurement unit of entropy, which are generally not considered to be quantities of the same kind. However, in some cases special measurement unit names are restricted to be used with quantities of specific kind only. For example, the measurement unit ‘second to the power minus one’ (1/s) is called hertz (Hz) when used for frequencies and becquerel (Bq) when used for activities of radionuclides. As another example, the joule (J) is used as a unit of energy, but never as a unit of moment of force, i.e. the newton metre (N · m).
comment: — quantities of the same kind have the same quantity dimension, — quantities of different quantity dimensions are always of different kinds, and — quantities having the same quantity dimension are not necessarily of the same kind. ISO 80000-1

TimeDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

Velocity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Velocity
definition: Vector quantity giving the rate of change of a position vector. -- ISO 80000-3
ISO80000Reference: 3-8.1
ISO80000Reference: 3‑10.1
comment: The velocity depends on the choice of the reference frame. Proper transformation between frames must be used: Galilean for non-relativistic description, Lorentzian for relativistic description. -- IEC, note 2
comment: The velocity is related to a point described by its position vector. The point may localize a particle, or be attached to any other object such as a body or a wave. -- IEC, note 1

Laplacian
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Δ

AmountFraction
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MoleFraction
definition: The amount of a constituent divided by the total amount of all constituents in a mixture.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00296
alternative label: MoleFraction

ElectricInductance
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Inductance
elucidation: A property of an electrical conductor by which a change in current through it induces an electromotive force in both the conductor itself and in any nearby conductors by mutual inductance.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M04076
alternative label: Inductance

Weight
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Weight
ISO80000Reference: 4-9.2
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06668
comment: Force of gravity acting on a body.

Gas
type: Class
elucidation: Gas is a compressible fluid, a state of matter that has no fixed shape and no fixed volume.

Interpreter
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: The entity (or agent, or observer, or cognitive entity) who connects 'Sign', 'Interpretant' and 'Object'.
example: For example, the ontologist may be interest in cataloguing in the EMMO how the same object (e.g. a cat) is addressed using different signs (e.g. cat, gatto, chat) by different interpreters (e.g. english, italian or french people). The same applies for the results of measurements: the ontologist may be interest to represent in the EMMO how different measurement processes (i.e. semiosis) lead to different quantitative results (i.e. signs) according to different measurement devices (i.e. interpreters).
comment: The interpreter is not the ontologist, being the ontologist acting outside the ontology at the meta-ontology level. On the contrary, the interpreter is an agent recognized by the ontologist. The semiotic branch of the EMMO is the tool used by the ontologist to represent an interpreter's semiotic activity.

AstronomicalUnit
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: au
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/PARSEC
dbpediaReference: http://dbpedia.org/page/Astronomical_unit
definition: One astronomical unit is defined as exactly 149597870700 m, which is roughly the distance from earth to sun.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit

Interpretant
type: Class
elucidation: The interpreter's internal representation of the object in a semiosis process.

Symbolic
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: An 'Graphical' that stands for a token or a composition of tokens from one or more alphabets, without necessarily respecting syntactic rules.
example: fe780 emmo !5*a cat for(i=0;i<N;++i)
comment: A symbolic object possesses a reductionistic oriented structure. For example, text is made of words, spaces and punctuations. Words are made of characters (i.e. atomic symbols).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Symbolic
etymology: From Ancient Greek σύμβολον (súmbolon, “a sign by which one infers something; a mark, token, badge, ticket, tally, check, a signal, watchword, outward sign”), from συμβάλλω (sumbállō, “I throw together, dash together, compare, correspond, tally, come to a conclusion”), from σύν (sún, “with, together”) + βάλλω (bállō, “I throw, put”).

Density
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Density
ISO80000Reference: 4-2
ISO80000Reference: 9-10
ISO80000Reference: Mass per volume.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01590
comment: Quantity representing the spatial distribution of mass in a continuous material.
alternative label: MassConcentration
alternative label: MassDensity

Vector
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: 1-dimensional array who's spatial direct parts are numbers.
alternative label: 1DArray
alternative label: LinearArray

Pico
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1.0E-12
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: p

AtomicNumber
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AtomicNumber
definition: Number of protons in an atomic nucleus.
ISO80000Reference: 10-1.1
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00499

Watt
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: W
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/W
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06656
comment: Measurement unit for power.

DerivedUnit
type: Class
elucidation: Derived units are defined as products of powers of the base units corresponding to the relations defining the derived quantities in terms of the base quantities.

Java
type: Class

Permeability
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectromagneticPermeability
ISO80000Reference: 6-26.2
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04503
comment: Measure for how the magnetization of material is affected by the application of an external magnetic field .
alternative label: ElectromagneticPermeability

EnergyPerAmountDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0

Power
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Power
ISO80000Reference: 4-27
ISO80000Reference: 6-45
elucidation: Rate of transfer of energy per unit time.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04792

IdiomaticSymbol
type: Class
equivalent class: Class

UpQuark
type: Class

Probability
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: Probability is a dimensionless quantity that can attain values between 0 and 1; zero denotes the impossible event and 1 denotes a certain event.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04855
comment: The propability for a certain outcome, is the ratio between the number of events leading to the given outcome and the total number of events.

ZeroManifold
type: Class
alternative label: 0-manifold

Dispersion
type: Class
elucidation: A material in which distributed particles of one phase are dispersed in a different continuous phase.

Inequality
type: Class
elucidation: A relation which makes a non-equal comparison between two numbers or other mathematical expressions.
example: f(x) > 0

OneManifold
type: Class
alternative label: 1-manifold

SupplyChain
type: Class
elucidation: A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources involved in supplying a product or service to a consumer.

Axiom
annotated target: A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources involved in supplying a product or service to a consumer.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain

Index
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' due to causal continguity.
example: Smoke stands for a combustion process (a fire). My facial expression stands for my emotional status.
alternative label: Signal

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Index
etymology: From Latin index (“a discoverer, informer, spy; of things, an indicator, the forefinger, a title, superscription”), from indicō (“point out, show”).

PhaseHeterogeneousMixture
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A mixture in which more than one phases of matter cohexists.
comment: Phase heterogenous mixture may share the same state of matter. For example, immiscibile liquid phases (e.g. oil and water) constitute a mixture whose phases are clearly separated but share the same state of matter.

TemporalRole
type: Class
elucidation: An holistic temporal part of a whole.
alternative label: HolisticTemporalPart

PhaseHomogeneousMixture
type: Class
elucidation: A single phase mixture.

TotalComposition
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction

Permittivity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Permittivity
ISO80000Reference: 6-14.1
ISO80000Reference: 6-14.2
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04507
comment: Measure for how the polarization of a material is affected by the application of an external electric field.

Curve
type: Class

MeasurementResult
type: Class
elucidation: Result of a measurement. A MeasurementResult is in EMMO expressed as a single MeasurendQuantitativeProperty and a MeasuredUncertainty
VIMTerm: measurement result
comment: A measurement result generally contains “relevant information” about the set of measured quantity properties, such that some may be more representative of the measured quantity than others. This may be expressed in the form of a probability density function (pdf).

Elementary
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
elucidation: The basic spatial constituent of 'item'-s that is defined as a causal chain of quantum objects.
comment: While a 'Quantum' is a-tomistic in time and space, an 'elementary' is a-tomistic only in space, recalling the concept of elementary particle. According to mereology, this should be call 'a-tomistic' in the strict etimological sense of the word (from greek, a-tomos: un-divisible). Mereology based on such items is called atomistic mereology. However, in order not to confuse the lexicon between mereology and physics (in which an atom is a divisible physical entity) we prefer to call it 'elementary', recalling the concept of elementary particle coming from the standard particles model. A causal chain is an object which is an (ordered) causal sequence of quantum objects that does not host any bifurcation within itself (a chain).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Elementary
etymology: From Latin elementārius (“elementary”), from elementum (“one of the four elements of antiquity; fundamentals”).

Determination
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A 'Semiosis' that involves an 'Observer' that perceives another 'Physical' (the 'Object') through a specific perception mechanism and produces a 'Property' (the 'Sign') that stands for the result of that particular perception.

Deci
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 0.1
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: d

ElectricCurrentDensityDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0

SICoherentDerivedUnit
type: Class
elucidation: A SI derived unit whos numerical factor in front of the product of SI base units is one.
example: m/s kg/m^3
comment: This class collects all units that are products or powers of SI base or SI special units only.

Service
type: Class
ISO9000Reference: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:9000:ed-4:v1:en:term:3.7.7
alternative label: IntangibleProduct

Heat
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Heat
ISO80000Reference: 5-6.1
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02752
comment: Heat is energy in transfer to or from a thermodynamic system, by mechanisms other than thermodynamic work or transfer of matter.
alternative label: AmountOfHeat

Participant
type: Class
elucidation: An object which is an holistic spatial part of a process.
example: A student during an examination.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Participant
etymology: From particeps (“taking part in, sharing in”), from pars (“part”) + capiō (“to take”).

NaturalProcess
type: Class
elucidation: A process occurring by natural (non-intentional) laws.
alternative label: NonIntentionalProcess

LuminousIntensityDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1

PureNumberUnit
type: Class
elucidation: Unit for dimensionless units that cannot be expressed as a 'FractionUnit'.
example: Unit of AtomicNumber

Reductionistic
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: A class devoted to categorize 'Physical'-s according to their granularity relations, first in terms of time evolution (Existent) and then in terms of their composition (State), up to the spatial a-tomistic element (Elementary).
comment: Direct parthood is the relation used to build the class hierarchy (and the granularity hierarchy) for this perspective.

ElectricCharge
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricCharge
ISO80000Reference: 6-2
elucidation: The physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01923
alternative label: Charge

IUPACName
type: Class

ManufacturingSystem
type: Class
elucidation: A system arranged to setup a specific manufacturing process.

MassConcentration
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MassConcentration
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03713
comment: Mass of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture.

SingleComponentComposition
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction

AvogadroConstant
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/AvogadroConstant
elucidation: The number of constituent particles, usually atoms or molecules, that are contained in the amount of substance given by one mole. It defines the base unit mole in the SI system.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00543
comment: The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Avogadro_constant) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.

Voltage
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Voltage
ISO80000Reference: 6-11.3
elucidation: The difference in electric potential between two points.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00424
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.V06635
comment: Correspond to the work needed per unit of charge to move a test charge between two points in a static electric field.
alternative label: ElectricPotentialDifference
alternative label: ElectricTension

MassFractionUnit
type: Class
elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two masses.
example: Unit for mass fraction.

ReferenceUnit
type: Class
elucidation: A reference can be a measurement unit, a measurement procedure, a reference material, or a combination of such. International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
comment: A symbolic is recognized as reference unit also if it is not part of a quatity (e.g. as in the sentence "the Bq is the reference unit of Becquerel"). For this reason we can't declare the axiom: ReferenceUnit SubClassOf: inverse(hasReferenceUnit) some Quantity because there exist reference units without being part of a quantity. This is peculiar to EMMO, where quantities (symbolic) are distinct with properties (semiotics).

Real
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  some values from: double
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: double
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on data range: double
elucidation: A real number.

Extensive
type: Class
elucidation: A quantity whose magnitude is additive for subsystems.
example: Mass Volume Entropy
comment: Note that not all physical quantities can be categorised as being either intensive or extensive. For example the square root of the mass.

Cogniser
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: An interpreter who establish the connection between an icon an an object recognizing their resemblance (e.g. logical, pictorial)
example: The scientist that connects an equation to a physical phenomenon.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Cogniser
etymology: From Latin cognitio (“knowledge, perception, a judicial examination, trial”), from cognitus, past participle of cognoscere (“to know”), from co- (“together”) + *gnoscere, older form of noscere (“to know”

ElectricDipoleMoment
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricDipoleMoment
ISO80000Reference: 6-6
elucidation: An electric dipole, vector quantity of magnitude equal to the product of the positive charge and the distance between the charges and directed from the negative charge to the positive charge.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01929

ISQBaseQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: Base quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ).
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Quantities

AlgebricExpression
type: Class
example: 2x+3
comment: An expression that has parts only integer constants, variables, and the algebraic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation by an exponent that is a rational number)

Determiner
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: An 'interpreter' that perceives another 'entity' (the 'object') through a specific perception mechanism and produces a 'property' (the 'sign') that stands for the result of that particular perception.

Observed
type: Class
example: The biography of a person met by the author.

Estimation
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A characterisation of an object without any actual interaction.

MagneticDipoleMomentDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+2 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0

DensityDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-3 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

Matrix
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: 2-dimensional array who's spatial direct parts are vectors.
alternative label: 2DArray

ElectronNeutrino
type: Class

Deka
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 10.0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: da

Pictorial
type: Class
elucidation: A 'Graphical' that stands for a real world object that shows a recognizable pictorial pattern without being necessarily associated to a symbolic language.
example: A drawing of a cat. A circle on a paper sheet. The Mona Lisa.

ArcMinute
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: ′
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/ARCMIN
definition: Measure of plane angle defined as 1/60 or a degree.
alternative label: MinuteOfArc

Vergence
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
comment: In geometrical optics, vergence describes the curvature of optical wavefronts.

CharmQuark
type: Class

Variable
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A variable is a symbolic object that stands for any other mathematical object, such as number, a vector, a matrix, a function, the argument of a function, a set, an element of a set.
example: x k

Axiom
annotated target: A variable is a symbolic object that stands for any other mathematical object, such as number, a vector, a matrix, a function, the argument of a function, a set, an element of a set.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_(mathematics)

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Variable
etymology: Fom Latin variabilis ("changeable").

Whole
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: An entity which is defined according to a unity criteria that relates holistically its parts to form a whole.
comment: A whole is always defined using a criterion expressed through the classical transitive parthood relation. A whole is categorized as fundamental (or maximal) or redundant (non-maximal). While maximality can be formally and univocally expressed, This class is expected to host the definition of world objects as they appear in its wholeness, independently on the surroundings.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Whole
etymology: From Middle English hole (“healthy, unhurt, whole”).

Force
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Force
ISO80000Reference: 4-9.1
elucidation: Any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02480

Foam
type: Class
elucidation: A colloid formed by trapping pockets of gas in a liquid or solid.

Solution
type: Class
elucidation: A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances.
comment: Solutions are characterized by the occurrence of Rayleigh scattering on light,

Array3D
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: 3-dimensional array who's spatial direct parts are matrices.
alternative label: 3DArray

Behaviour
type: Class
elucidation: A process which is an holistic temporal part of an object.
example: Accelerating is a behaviour of a car.

MolecularEntity
type: Class
elucidation: Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity.
example: Hydrogen molecule is an adequate definition of a certain molecular entity for some purposes, whereas for others it is necessary to distinguish the electronic state and/or vibrational state and/or nuclear spin, etc. of the hydrogen molecule.
example: Methane, may mean a single molecule of CH4 (molecular entity) or a molar amount, specified or not (chemical species), participating in a reaction. The degree of precision necessary to describe a molecular entity depends on the context.
comment: Molecular entity is used as a general term for singular entities, irrespective of their nature, while chemical species stands for sets or ensembles of molecular entities. Note that the name of a compound may refer to the respective molecular entity or to the chemical species,
alternative label: ChemicalEntity

UnitSymbol
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: A symbol that stands for a single unit.
example: Some examples are "Pa", "m" and "J".

WBoson
type: Class

Hecto
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 100.0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: h

Hour
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: h
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/HR
definition: Measure of time defined as 3600 seconds.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02866

Number
type: Class
elucidation: A numerical data value.
comment: A number individual provides the link between the ontology and the actual data, through the data property hasNumericalValue.
comment: A number is actually a string (e.g. 1.4, 1e-8) of numerical digits and other symbols. However, in order not to increase complexity of the taxonomy and relations, here we take a number as an "atomic" object, without decomposit it in digits (i.e. we do not include digits in the EMMO as alphabet for numbers).
comment: In math usually number and numeral are distinct concepts, the numeral being the symbol or a composition of symbols (e.g. 3.14, 010010, three) and the number is the idea behind it. More than one numeral stands for the same number. In the EMMO abstract entities do not exists, and numbers are simply defined by other numerals, so that a number is the class of all the numerals that are equivalent (e.g. 3 and 0011 are numerals that stands for the same number). Or alternatively, an integer numeral may also stands for a set of a specific cardinality (e.g. 3 stands for a set of three apples). Rational and real numbers are simply a syntactic arrangment of integers (digits, in decimal system). The fact that you can't give a name to a number without using a numeral or, in case of positive integers, without referring to a real world objects set with specific cardinality, suggests that the abstract concept of number is not a concept that can be practically used. For these reasons, the EMMO will consider numerals and numbers as the same concept.
alternative label: Numeral

Exponent
type: Class

Experiment
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: An experiment is a process that is intended to replicate a physical phenomenon in a controlled environment.

StrangeQuark
type: Class

Femto
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1.0E-15
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: f

SpatiallyRedundant
type: Class
elucidation: A whole with spatial parts of its same type.

Shape4x3Matrix
type: Class
elucidation: A real matrix with shape 4x3.

Baryon
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction

Subjective
type: Class
elucidation: A coded conventional that cannot be univocally determined and depends on an agent (e.g. a human individual, a community) acting as black-box.
example: The beauty of that girl. The style of your clothing.
comment: The word subjective applies to property intrisically subjective or non-well defined. In general, when an black-box-like procedure is used for the definition of the property. This happens due to e.g. the complexity of the object, the lack of a underlying model for the representation of the object, the non-well specified meaning of the property symbols. A 'SubjectiveProperty' cannot be used to univocally compare 'Object'-s. e.g. you cannot evaluate the beauty of a person on objective basis.

Muon
type: Class
elucidation: The class of individuals that stand for muon elementary particles.

Zepto
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1.0E-21
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: z

SubObject
type: Class
elucidation: An object which is an holistic temporal part of another object.
example: If an inhabited house is considered as an house that is occupied by some people in its majority of time, then an interval of inhabited house in which occasionally nobody is in there is no more an inhabited house, but an unhinabited house, since this temporal part does not satisfy the criteria of the whole.
comment: Here we consider a temporal interval that is lower than the characteristic time of the physical process that provides the causality connection between the object parts.

HandlingDevice
type: Class

ProductionSystem
type: Class
elucidation: A network of objects that implements a production process through a series of interconnected elements.

Plane
type: Class

Photon
type: Class
elucidation: The class of individuals that stand for photons elementary particles.

ChemicalName
type: Class

AtomicMass
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
definition: The mass of an atom in the ground state.
ISO80000Reference: 10-4.1
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_mass
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00496
comment: Since the nucleus account for nearly all of the total mass of atoms (with the electrons and nuclear binding energy making minor contributions), the atomic mass measured in Da has nearly the same value as the mass number.
comment: The atomic mass is often expressed as an average of the commonly found isotopes.

Ångström
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Å
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/ANGSTROM
dbpediaReference: http://dbpedia.org/page/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m
definition: Measure of length defined as 1e-10 metres.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstrom
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.N00350
comment: Ångström is not mentioned in the SI system and deprecated by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). Dispite of that, it is often used in the natural sciences and technology.
alternative label: Angstrom

PhysicsEquation
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: An 'equation' that stands for a 'physical_law' by mathematically defining the relations between physics_quantities.
example: The Newton's equation of motion. The Schrödinger equation. The Navier-Stokes equation.

Day
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: d
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/DAY
dbpediaReference: http://dbpedia.org/page/Day
definition: A measure of time defined as 86 400 seconds.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01527

Array
type: Class
elucidation: Arrays are ordered mathematical objects who's elementary spatial parts are numbers. Their dimensionality is constructed with spatial direct parthood, where 1-dimensional arrays have spatial direct parts Number and n-dimensional array have spatial direct parts (n-1)-dimensional arrays.
example: A Vector is a 1-dimensional Array with Number as spatial direct parts, a Matrix is a 2-dimensional Array with Vector as spatial direct parts, an Array3D is a 3-dimensional Array with Matrix as spatial direct parts, and so forth...
comment: Array subclasses with a specific shape can be constructed with cardinality restrictions. See Shape4x3Matrix as an example.
comment: Arrays are ordered objects, since they are a subclasses of Arrangement.

ISQDerivedQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: Derived quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ).

DefiningEquation
type: Class
elucidation: An equation that define a new variable in terms of other mathematical entities.
example: The definition of velocity as v = dx/dt. The definition of density as mass/volume. y = f(x)

Objective
type: Class
elucidation: A coded conventional that is determined by each interpeter following a well defined determination procedure through a specific perception channel.
comment: The word objective does not mean that each observation will provide the same results. It means that the observation followed a well defined procedure. This class refers to what is commonly known as physical property, i.e. a measurable property of physical system, whether is quantifiable or not.

Multiplication
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: *

Collection
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: The class of all individuals that stand for a real world not self-connected object.
example: The collection of users of a particular software, the collection of atoms that have been part of that just dissociated molecule, or even the collection of atoms that are part of a molecule considered as single individual non-connected objects and not as a mereotopological self-connected fusion.
comment: A 'Collection' individual stands for a non-self-connected world object. A 'Collection' individual is related to each 'Item' individuals of the collection (i.e. the members) through the membership relation, which is a subrelation of part. The members are self-connected objects. The combination of collection and item concept is the mereotopological alternative to set theory.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Collection
etymology: From Latin collectio, from colligere ‘gather together’.

Declarer
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: An interpreter who establish the connection between an conventional sign and an object according to a specific convention.
example: A scientist that assigns a quantity to a physical objects without actually measuring it but taking it for granted due to its previous experience (e.g. considering an electron charge as 1.6027663e-19 C, assigning a molecular mass to a gas only by the fact of a name on the bottle).
example: Someone who assigns a name to an object.

AccelerationDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

SolidSolidSuspension
type: Class
elucidation: A coarse dispersion of solid in a solid continuum phase.
example: Granite, sand, dried concrete.

Kelvin
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: K
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/K
definition: The kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant k to be 1.380649×10−23 when expressed in the unit J K−1, which is equal to kg m2 s−2 K−1, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and ∆νCs.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.K03374

ElectricPotentialDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+2 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0

StandaloneAtom
type: Class
elucidation: An atom that does not share electrons with other atoms.
comment: A standalone atom can be bonded with other atoms by intermolecular forces (i.e. dipole–dipole, London dispersion force, hydrogen bonding), since this bonds does not involve electron sharing.

Shape3Vector
type: Class
elucidation: A real vector with 3 elements.
example: The quantity value of physical quantities if real space is a Shape3Vector.

Second
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: s
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/SEC
definition: The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency ∆νCs, the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium 133 atom, to be 9192631770 when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s−1.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05513

PhysicalPhenomenon
type: Class
elucidation: A 'process' that is recognized by physical sciences and is catogrized accordingly.
comment: While every 'process' in the EMMO involves physical objects, this class is devoted to represent real world objects that express a phenomenon relevant for the ontologist

Sol
type: Class
elucidation: A colloid in which small particles (1 nm to 100 nm) are suspended in a continuum phase.

NewtonianConstantOfGravityDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+3 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

EconomicModel
type: Class
elucidation: A mathematical model of the economy is a formal description of certain relationships between quantities, such as prices, production, employment, saving, investment, etc., with the purpose to analyze their logical implications.

Energy
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Energy
ISO80000Reference: 5-20-1
elucidation: A property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02101
comment: Energy is often defined as "ability of a system to perform work", but it might be misleading since is not necessarily available to do work.

SIUnitSymbol
type: Class

ElectricConductanceDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L-2 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0

DimensionOne
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
elucidation: "The unit one is the neutral element of any system of units – necessary and present automatically." SI Brochure

AreaDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

Molecule
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: An atom_based state defined by an exact number of e-bonded atomic species and an electron cloud made of the shared electrons.
example: H20, C6H12O6, CH4
comment: An entity is called essential if removing one direct part will lead to a change in entity class. An entity is called redundand if removing one direct part will not lead to a change in entity class.
comment: This definition states that this object is a non-periodic set of atoms or a set with a finite periodicity. Removing an atom from the state will result in another type of atom_based state. e.g. you cannot remove H from H20 without changing the molecule type (essential). However, you can remove a C from a nanotube (redundant). C60 fullerene is a molecule, since it has a finite periodicity and is made of a well defined number of atoms (essential). A C nanotube is not a molecule, since it has an infinite periodicity (redundant).

Katal
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: kat
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/KAT
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.K03372
comment: Measurement unit for catalytic activity.

SolidLiquidSuspension
type: Class
elucidation: A coarse dispersion of liquid in a solid continuum phase.

ElectricResistivityDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+3 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0

Conventional
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A 'Sign' that stands for an 'Object' through convention, norm or habit, without any resemblance to it.
comment: In Peirce semiotics this kind of sign category is called symbol. However, since symbol is also used in formal languages, the name is changed in conventional.

Description
type: Class
elucidation: A coded that is not atomic with respect to a code of description.
example: A biography.
example: A sentence about some object, depticting its properties.
comment: A description is a collection of properties that depicts an object. It is not atomic since it is made of several properties collected together.

Deducer
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: An interpreter who establish the connection between an index sign and an object according to a causal contiguity.
example: Someone who deduces an emotional status of a persona according to facial expression.
example: Someone who deduces the occurring of a physical phenomenon through other phenomena.

State
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A 'Physical' which is a tessellation of spatial direct parts.
example: e.g. the existent in my glass is declared at t = t_start as made of two direct parts: the ice and the water. It will continue to exists as state as long as the ice is completely melt at t = t_end. The new state will be completely made of water. Between t_start and t_end there is an exchange of molecules between the ice and the water, but this does not affect the existence of the two states. If we partition the existent in my glass as ice surrounded by several molecules (we do not use the object water as direct part) then the appearance of a molecule coming from the ice will cause a state to end and another state to begin.
comment: Direct partitions declaration is a choice of the ontologist that choses the classes to be used as direct parts, according to its own world view. A 'State' can always be direct partitioned in 'Elementary'-s and 'Void' or 'Physical'. e.g. the water in my glass can be seen as a single object without declaring direct parts, or as made of H2O molecules direct parts.
comment: The definition of 'State' implies that its spatial direct parts (i.e. 'physicals') are not gained or lost during its temporal extension (they exist from the left to the right side of the time interval), so that the cardinality of spatial direct parts in a 'State' is constant. This does not mean that there cannot be a change in the internal structure of the 'State' direct parts. It means only that this change must not affect the existence of the direct part itself. There is no change in granularity or cardinality of direct parts of a 'State'. The use of spatial direct parthood in 'State' definition means that a 'State' cannot overlap in space another 'State'.
comment: The usefulness of 'State' is that it makes it possible to describe the evolution in time of an 'Existent' in terms of series of 'State'-s that can take into account the disappearance or appearance of parts within a 'Physical'. A 'State' is a recognizable granularity level of matter, in the sense that its direct parts do not appear or disappear within its lifetime as it can be for a generic 'Existent'.
comment: There is no change in granularity or cardinality of parts within a state. The use of spatial direct parthood in state definition means that a state cannot overlap in space another state that is direct part of the same whole.

MassiveElementary
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: The union of classes of elementary particles that possess mass.

Point
type: Class

InspectionDevice
type: Class

Gel
type: Class
elucidation: A soft, solid or solid-like colloid consisting of two or more components, one of which is a liquid, present in substantial quantity.

Deduction
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: IndexSemiosis

SIBaseUnit
type: Class
elucidation: The base units in the SI system.

Tera
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1.0E12
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T

Tau
type: Class

Observation
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A characterisation of an object with an actual interaction.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Observation
etymology: From Latin observare (“to watch, note, mark, heed, guard, keep, pay attention to, regard, comply with, etc.”), from ob (“before”) + servare (“to keep”),

AtomicAndNuclearPhysicsQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-10.

MagneticFlux
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MagneticFlux
ISO80000Reference: 6-22.1
elucidation: Measure of magnetism, taking account of the strength and the extent of a magnetic field.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03684

Vacuum
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Class
etymology: From Latin vacuus, “empty”.
elucidation: A 'Physical' with no 'Massive' parts.

AlgebricOperator
type: Class

DoseEquivalent
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/DoseEquivalent
ISO80000Reference: 10-83.1
elucidation: A dose quantity used in the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) system of radiological protection.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02101

Line
type: Class

EntropyDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0

SpecialUnit
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A unit symbol that stands for a derived unit.
example: Pa stands for N/m2 J stands for N m
comment: Special units are semiotic shortcuts to more complex composed symbolic objects.

MeasuredConstant
type: Class
elucidation: For a given unit system, measured constants are physical constants that are not used to define the unit system. Hence, these constants have to be measured and will therefore be associated with an uncertainty.

Quantum
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Nothing
elucidation: The class of EMMO individuals that stand for world objects that can't be partitioned further.
example: From physics perspective a 'Quantum' can stand for the smallest identifiable element of spacetime defined by the Planck limit in length (1.616e-35 m) and time (5.39e-44 s). However, the quantum mereotopology approach is not restricted only to physics. For example, in a manpower management ontology, a 'Quantum' can stand for an hour (time) of a worker (space) activity.
comment: A 'Quantum' is the most fundamental subclass of 'Item', since its individuals stand for the simplest possible world objects, and are considered self-connected by definition. The quantum concept recalls the fact that there is lower epistemological limit to our knowledge of the universe, related to the uncertainity principle. Space and time emerge following the network of causal connections between quantum objects. So quantum objects are adimensional objects, that precede space and time dimensions. A quantum is the EMMO mereological atomistic entity. To avoid confusion with the concept of atom coming from physics, we will use the expression quantum mereology, instead of atomistic mereology.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Quantum
etymology: From Latin quantum (plural quanta) "as much as, so much as;", introduced in physics directly from Latin by Max Planck, 1900.

LuminanceDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1

Enthalpy
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Enthalpy
ISO80000Reference: 5.20-3
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02141
comment: Measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system.

Emulsion
type: Class
elucidation: An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (a liquid-liquid heterogeneous mixture).
example: Mayonnaise, milk.

Material
type: Class
elucidation: A matter individual that stands for a real world object representing an amount of a physical substance (or mixture of substances) in different states of matter or phases.
comment: A instance of a material (e.g. nitrogen) can represent different states of matter. The fact that the individual also belongs to other classes (e.g. Gas) would reveal the actual form in which the material is found.
comment: Material usually means some definite kind, quality, or quantity of matter, especially as intended for use.

MolecularFormula
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: An expression that provides information about the element types that constiture a molecule or a molecular substance and their number.
example: Hydrogen peroxide is H2O2

Namer
type: Class
elucidation: An interpreter who assigns a name to an object without any motivations related to the object characters.

LiquidGasSuspension
type: Class
elucidation: A coarse dispersion of gas in a liquid continuum phase.
example: Sparkling water

Atto
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1.0E-18
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: a

Spacing
type: Class

LiquidSol
type: Class
elucidation: A type of sol in the form of one solid dispersed in liquid.

ElementalSubstance
type: Class
elucidation: A chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01022
alternative label: PureSubstance

Momentum
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Momentum
ISO80000Reference: 4-8
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M04007
comment: Product of mass and velocity.

Peta
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1.0E15
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: P

Process
type: Class
elucidation: A whole that is identified according to a criteria based on its temporal evolution that is satisfied throughout its time extension.
comment: Following the common definition of process, the reader may think that every whole should be a process, since every 4D object always has a time dimension. However, in the EMMO we restrict the meaning of the word process to items whose evolution in time have a particular meaning for the ontologist (i.e. every 4D object unfolds in time, but not every 4D time unfolding may be of interest for the ontologist and categorized as a process). For this reason, the definition of every specific process subclass requires the introduction of a primitive concept.
alternative label: Occurrent
alternative label: Perdurant

ContinuumModel
type: Class
elucidation: A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of continuum volume.

PositionVector
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
definition: Vector r characterizing a point P in a point space with a given origin point O.
comment: In the usual geometrical three-dimensional space, position vectors are quantities of the dimension length. -- IEC
comment: Position vectors are so-called bounded vectors, i.e. their magnitude and direction depend on the particular coordinate system used. -- ISO 80000-3
alternative label: Position

ElectronMass
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/ElectronMass
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02008
comment: The rest mass of an electron.

NeutralAtom
type: Class
elucidation: A standalone atom that has no net charge.

Measurement
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: An 'observation' that results in a quantitative comparison of a 'property' of an 'object' with a standard reference based on a well defined mesurement procedure.
VIMTerm: measurement
comment: A measurement always implies a causal interaction between the object and the observer.
comment: A measurement is the process of experimentally obtaining one or more measurement results that can reasonably be attributed to a quantity.

Axiom
annotated property: comment
annotated target: A measurement is the process of experimentally obtaining one or more measurement results that can reasonably be attributed to a quantity.

Minus
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: -

ThreeManifold
type: Class
alternative label: 3-manifold

SIMetricPrefix
type: Class

ChemicalEntity
type: Class
comment: A chemical entity comprises the two different ways to represents matter: as single recognizable particle entity (molecular entity) and as a composition of particle entities (substance). This distinction is not well assessed in actual chemical nomenclature, in which an element name refers to both the pure elemental substance or the atom. In the EMMO we force the adoption of a more strict categorization based on mereotopology. The class Material hosts the subclasses for which a substance can be identified without necessarily considering its nature of molecule/atom or substance (e.g. hydrocarbon is the class of both hydrocarbon molecules or gases).

Declaration
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: ConventionalSemiosis

LiquidLiquidSuspension
type: Class
elucidation: A coarse dispersion of liquid in a liquid continuum phase.

Idiomatic
type: Class
elucidation: A language object that follows syntactic rules of a an idiom (e.g. english, italian).

Perspective
type: Class
elucidation: The class of individuals that stand for real world objects according to a specific representational perspective.
comment: This class is the practical implementation of the EMMO pluralistic approach for which the only objective categorization is provided by the Universe individual and all the Quantum individuals. Between these two extremes, there are several subjective ways to categorize real world objects, each one provide under a 'Perspective' subclass.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Perspective
etymology: From medieval Latin perspectiva ‘(science of) optics’, from perspect- ‘looked at closely’, from the verb perspicere, from per- ‘through’ + specere ‘to look’.

Device
type: Class
elucidation: An object which is instrumental for reaching a particular purpose through its characteristic functioning process, with particular reference to mechanical or electronic equipment.
alternative label: Equipment
alternative label: Machine

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Equipment
etymology: From French équipement, from équiper ‘equip’.

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Machine
etymology: From Latin māchina (“a machine, engine, contrivance, device, stratagem, trick”), from Doric Greek μᾱχᾰνᾱ́ (mākhanā́), cognate with Attic Greek μηχᾰνή (mēkhanḗ, “a machine, engine, contrivance, device”), from which comes mechanical.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Device
etymology: From Old French "deviser", meaning: arrange, plan, contrive. Literally "dispose in portions," from Vulgar Latin "divisare", frequentative of Latin dividere, meaning "to divide".

SubProcess
type: Class
elucidation: A process which is an holistic spatial part of a process.
example: Breathing is a subprocess of living for a human being.
comment: In the EMMO the relation of participation to a process falls under mereotopology. Since topological connection means causality, then the only way for a real world object to participate to a process is to be a part of it.

Spray
type: Class
elucidation: A suspension of liquid droplets dispersed in a gas through an atomization process.

Estimator
type: Class
elucidation: A characteriser that declares a property for an object without actually interact with it with the specific interaction required by the property definition (i.e. infer a property from other properties).

MetrePerSecond
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/M-PER-SEC
omReference: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/metrePerSecond-Time
elucidation: SI coherent measurement unit for speed.

Suspension
type: Class
elucidation: An heterogeneous mixture that contains coarsly dispersed particles (no Tyndall effect), that generally tend to separate in time to the dispersion medium phase.
comment: Suspensions show no significant effect on light.

StrictFundamental
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: The class of individuals that satisfy a whole defining criteria (i.e. belongs to a subclass of whole) and have no proper parts that satisfy that same criteria (no parts that are of the same type of the whole).

Auditory
type: Class
elucidation: A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer as a sound.
example: When we use the term 'sound' what are we referring to? The EMMO identifis a sound as the physical object that can be heard by the observer (more exactly, by the sensor of the observer). In this sense, a sound (which is an acoustical object) is to be identified as the air region that manifests the sound wave and is able to be perceived by an observer. In case the wave is travelling through water or steel, then these other media regions are the sounds. If the waveform is travelling through a cable as electronic signal (analog or digital) it is no more a sound, since it cannot be perceived by an observer as an acoustical object. This electrical waveform (or digital packet) is another physical that may stand for a sound if interpreted by a device (e.g. an amplifier, a DA converter).
comment: 'acoustical' refers to the perception mechanism of the observer that can occur through a microphone, a ear.
alternative label: Sound

LiquidSolution
type: Class
elucidation: A liquid solution made of two or more component substances.

MathematicalFunction
type: Class
elucidation: A function defined using functional notation.
example: y = f(x)
comment: A mathematical relation that relates each element in the domain (X) to exactly one element in the range (Y).
alternative label: FunctionDefinition

PotentialEnergy
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/PotentialEnergy
ISO80000Reference: 4-28.1
elucidation: The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or orientation in a potential field.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04778

Plasma
type: Class
elucidation: A fluid in which a gas is ionized to a level where its electrical conductivity allows long-range electric and magnetic fields to dominate its behaviour.

MagneticFluxDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0

Numerical
type: Class
elucidation: A 'Mathematical' that has no unknown value, i.e. all its 'Variable"-s parts refers to a 'Number' (for scalars that have a built-in datatype) or to another 'Numerical' (for complex numerical data structures that should rely on external implementations).

MachineCell
type: Class
elucidation: A group of machineries used to process a group of similar parts.
comment: Is not simply a collection of machineries, since the connection between them is due to the parallel flow of processed parts that comes from a unique source and ends into a common repository.

Vapor
type: Class
elucidation: A liquid aerosol composed of water droplets in air or another gas.

InorganicCompound
type: Class

Role
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: An entity that is categorized according to its relation with a whole through a parthood relation and that contributes to it according to an holistic criterion.
comment: In this class the concept of role and part are superimposed (the term part is also used to define the role played by an actor). Here entities are categorized according to their relation with the whole, i.e. how they contribute to make a specific whole, and not what they are as separate entities. This class is expected to host the definition of world objects as they appear in its relation with the surrounding whole (being a part implies being surrounded by something bigger to which it contributes). For example, an output is a part (a role or the final stage) of a process, but its specific nature as a whole (e.g. car, service) is categorized under the whole class branch.
alternative label: HolisticPart
alternative label: Part

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Part
etymology: From Latin partire, partiri ‘divide, share’.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Role
etymology: From French rôle, from obsolete French roule ‘roll’, referring originally to the roll of paper on which the actor's part was written.

AnalogicalIcon
type: Class
elucidation: An icon that represents the internal logical structure of the object.
example: A physics equation is replicating the mechanisms internal to the object.
example: Electriacal diagram is diagrammatic and resemblance
example: MODA and CHADA are diagrammatic representation of a simulation or a characterisation workflow.
comment: An icon that focus on HOW the object works.
comment: The subclass of icon inspired by Peirceian category (b) the diagram, whose internal relations, mainly dyadic or so taken, represent by analogy (with the same logic) the relations in something (e.g. math formula, geometric flowchart).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: AnalogicalIcon
etymology: From Ancient Greek ἀναλογία (analogía), from ἀνά (aná) + λόγος (lógos, “speech, reckoning”).

ElectricPotential
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
ISO80000Reference: 6-11.1
elucidation: Energy required to move a unit charge through an electric field from a reference point.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01935
comment: The electric potential is not unique, since any constant scalar field quantity can be added to it without changing its gradient.
alternative label: ElectroStaticPotential

ChemicalElement
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: string
elucidation: The symbol for a specific chemical element, that can stand both for an atom or a substance.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01022
comment: The IUPAC Gold Book defines the a chemical element both as: - a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus - a pure chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus This qualifies a chemical element as a name and not a matter obejct that can stand for an atom or a substance.

SpeedDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

AngularMomentumDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

LuminousEfficacyOf540THzRadiation
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: The luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 10 12 Hz, K cd , is a technical constant that gives an exact numerical relationship between the purely physical characteristics of the radiant power stimulating the human eye (W) and its photobiological response defined by the luminous flux due to the spectral responsivity of a standard observer (lm) at a frequency of 540 × 10 12 hertz.
comment: Defines the Candela base unit in the SI system.

Nucleon
type: Class

Heteronuclear
type: Class
elucidation: A molecule with more than one nucleus.
example: Hydrogen molecule (H2).

MetrologicalSymbol
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
elucidation: A symbol that stands for a concept in the language of the meterological domain of ISO 80000.

Pressure
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Pressure
ISO80000Reference: 4-14.1
elucidation: The force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04819

AcousticQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-8.

LuminousIntensity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Length
ISO80000Reference: 7-14
elucidation: A measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle. It is based on the luminosity function, which is a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye.

String
type: Class
elucidation: A physical made of more than one symbol sequentially arranged.
example: The word "cat" considered as a collection of 'symbol'-s respecting the rules of english language. In this example the 'symbolic' entity "cat" is not related to the real cat, but it is only a word (like it would be to an italian person that ignores the meaning of this english word). If an 'interpreter' skilled in english language is involved in a 'semiotic' process with this word, that "cat" became also a 'sign' i.e. it became for the 'interpreter' a representation for a real cat.
comment: A string is made of concatenated symbols whose arrangement is one-dimensional. Each symbol can have only one previous and one next neighborhood (bidirectional list).
comment: A string is not requested to respect any syntactic rule: it's simply directly made of symbols.

FrequencyDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

Existent
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A 'Physical' which is a tessellation of 'State' temporal direct parts.
comment: 'Existent' is the EMMO class to be used for representing real world physical objects under a reductionistic perspective (i.e. objects come from the composition of sub-part objects, both in time and space). 'Existent' class collects all individuals that stand for physical objects that can be structured in well defined temporal sub-parts called states, through the temporal direct parthood relation. This class provides a first granularity hierarchy in time, and a way to axiomatize tessellation principles for a specific whole with a non-transitivity relation (direct parthood) that helps to retain the granularity levels. e.g. a car, a supersaturated gas with nucleating nanoparticles, an atom that becomes ionized and then recombines with an electron.
comment: An 'Existent' individual stands for a real world object for which the ontologist wants to provide univocal tessellation in time. By definition, the tiles are represented by 'State'-s individual. Tiles are related to the 'Existent' through temporal direct parthood, enforcing non-transitivity and inverse-functionality.
comment: Being hasTemporalDirectPart a proper parthood relation, there cannot be 'Existent' made of a single 'State'. Moreover, due to inverse functionality, a 'State' can be part of only one 'Existent', preventing overlapping between 'Existent'-s.
comment: ex-sistere (latin): to stay (to persist through time) outside others of the same type (to be distinct from the rest).

Assembled
type: Class
elucidation: A system of independent elements that are assembled together to perform a function.

CGSUnit
type: Class
elucidation: The centimetre–gram–second (CGS) system of units.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimetre%E2%80%93gram%E2%80%93second_system_of_units
comment: CGS is a variant of the metric system.

Equals
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: =
elucidation: The equals symbol.

MesoscopicModel
type: Class
elucidation: A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of mesoscopic entities, i.e. a set of bounded atoms like a molecule, bead or nanoparticle.

PressureDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

Fermion
type: Class

ForceDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

Boolean
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  some values from: boolean
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: boolean
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on data range: boolean
elucidation: A boolean number.

Mathematical
type: Class
elucidation: The class of general mathematical symbolic objects respecting mathematical syntactic rules.
comment: A mathematical object in this branch is not representing a concept but an actual graphical object built using mathematcal symbols arranged in some way, according to math conventions.

InitialStage
type: Class

Aerosol
type: Class
elucidation: A colloid composed of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas.

Guess
type: Class
elucidation: A guess is a theory, estimated and subjective, since its premises are subjective.

Fundamental
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: A whole that represent the overall lifetime of the world object that represents.
example: A marathon is an example of class whose individuals are always maximal since the criteria satisfied by a marathon 4D entity poses some constraints on its temporal and spatial extent. On the contrary, the class for a generic running process does not necessarily impose maximality to its individuals. A running individual is maximal only when it extends in time for the minimum amount required to identify a running act, so every possible temporal part is always a non-running. Following the two examples, a marathon individual is a maximal that can be decomposed into running intervals. The marathon class is a subclass of running.
alternative label: Lifetime
alternative label: Maximal

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Lifetime
etymology: From Middle English liftime, equivalent to life +‎ time.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Fundamental
etymology: From Latin fundamentum (“foundation”), from fundō (“to lay the foundation (of something), to found”), from fundus (“bottom”).

InductanceDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0

ElementaryCharge
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElementaryCharge
ISO80000Reference: 10-5.1
elucidation: The magnitude of the electric charge carried by a single electron. It defines the base unit Ampere in the SI system.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02032
comment: The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Elementary_charge) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.

OffSystemUnit
type: Class
elucidation: A unit that does not belong to any system of units.
example: eV barn

Ohm
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ω
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/OHM
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.O04280
comment: Measurement unit for resistance.

Smoke
type: Class
elucidation: Smoke is a solid aerosol made of particles emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis.

SolidSol
type: Class
elucidation: A type of sol in the form of one solid dispersed in another continuous solid.

Matter
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Class
elucidation: A 'Physical' that possesses some 'Lepton' or 'Quark' parts in each of its temporal parts.

MathematicalSymbol
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class

GasSolution
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: A gaseous solution made of more than one component type.
alternative label: GasMixture

LuminousEfficacyDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L-1 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1

Tool
type: Class
elucidation: An object that enables or facilitate an agent in the execution of a process that modifies the surrounding environment.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Tool
etymology: Old English tōl, from a Germanic base meaning ‘prepare’.

AqueousSolution
type: Class
elucidation: A liquid solution in which the solvent is water.

Exa
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1.0E18
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: E

NanoMaterial
type: Class
elucidation: Nanomaterials are Materials possessing, at minimum, one external dimension measuring 1-100nm

MathematicalFunctionalModel
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
definition: A mathematical and functional icon entity,

SolidSolution
type: Class
elucidation: A solid solution made of two or more component substances.

Mega
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1000000.0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: M

UnitOne
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/UNITLESS
elucidation: Represents the number 1, used as an explicit unit to say something has no units.
example: Refractive index or volume fraction.
example: Typically used for ratios of two units whos dimensions cancels out.

RefractiveIndex
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/RefractiveIndex
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05240
comment: Factor by which the phase velocity of light is reduced in a medium.

EuclideanSpace
type: Class

PermittivityDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T+4 L-3 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0

Intensive
type: Class
elucidation: A quantity whose magnitude is independent of the size of the system.
example: Temperature Density Pressure ChemicalPotential
comment: Note that not all physical quantities can be categorised as being either intensive or extensive. For example the square root of the mass.

ReciprocalLengthDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

SINonCoherentDerivedUnit
type: Class
elucidation: A derived unit whos numerical factor in front of the product of base units is NOT equal to one.

VacuumElectricPermittivity
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/PermittivityOfVacuum
ISO80000Reference: 6-14.1
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04508
comment: The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Vacuum_permittivity) is outdated since May 20, 2019. It is now a measured constant.
comment: The value of the absolute dielectric permittivity of classical vacuum.
alternative label: PermittivityOfVacuum

Work
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Work
definition: Product of force and displacement.
ISO80000Reference: 4-28.4
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06684

MultipleUnit
type: Class
elucidation: Measurement unit obtained by multiplying a given measurement unit by an integer greater than one.

ChemicalNomenclature
type: Class
elucidation: A language object following a specific nomenclature rules for defining univocal names of chemical compounds.
comment: A chemical numenclature should not be confused with the chemical formula.

Perceptual
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: The class of 'Physical' individuals which stand for real world objects that can stimulate a perception (e.g. a retina impression) into the ontologist and that are categorized accordingly to human perception mechanisms.
example: A line scratched on a surface. A sound. A smell. The word 'cat' and the sound of the word 'cat' (the first one is graphical and the second acoustical).
example: The meta-semiotic process: I see a cloud in the sky. Since I'm an EMMO ontologist, I create an individual named Cloud under the 'Perceptual' class, meaning that I recognize the cloud as an object thanks to a specific perceptual channel (e.g. through my eyes). This semiotic process occurs at meta-level: it's how I use the EMMO as tool for a direct representation of the world, understandable by others ontologists. The semiotic process within EMMO: My friend looks at the same cloud and says: "It is an elephant". I use the EMMO to record this experience by declaring: - my friend as MyFriend individual, belonging to 'Interpreter' classes - the sound of the word "elephant" as an acoustical perception individual named ElephantWord, belonging to 'Perceptual' - a relation hasSign between Cloud and ElephantWord, that makes ElephantWord also belonging to 'Sign' class and Cloud belonging also to 'Object' class - a 'Semiosis' individual called MyFriendElephantCloud that hasParticipant: Cloud, ElephantWord and MyFriend, respectively as object, sign and interpreter. So, the Perceptual class is here to categorized real-world objects at meta-level using common perceptual channels, for practical ontology usage. We could have represented the word "elephant" within a physicalistic approach, by identifying it as a pressure wave in the air.
comment: This class is the most general superclass for the categorization of real world objects that are recognizable by the ontologist through a specific perception mechanism. This perspective is based on human characterization of perceptions. In other words, a 'Perceptual' is a meta-object, meaning that is addressed by the ontologist (the meta-interpreter) in a semiotic process occurring outside the EMMO. The 'Perceptual' branch is here to facilitate the connection between an individual and the real-world object for which it stands for. A 'Perceptual' can stand for another object in an EMMO described semiotic process (acting as sign or as object), just like a word on a paper (the perceptual object) may refer semiotically to another object. However, a perceptual is not necessarily a 'Sign' (e.g. a line sketched on a blackboard is a recognizable 'Perceptual' but it may stand for nothing). A 'Perceptual' becomes an 'Object', when it is part of a 'Semiotic' process described by the ontologist within the EMMO, and it's done always specifying for which interpreter this relation occurs.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Perceptual
etymology: From Latin percipiō, past participle perceptus (“take hold of, obtain, receive, observe”), from per (“by, through”) + capiō (“to take”).

CPlusPlus
type: Class
elucidation: A language object respecting the syntactic rules of C++.
alternative label: C++

HolisticSystem
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: An object that is made of a set of sub objects working together as parts of a mechanism or an interconnecting network (natural or artificial); a complex whole.
comment: A system is conceived as an aggregate of things that 'work' (or interact) together. While a system extends in time through distinct temporal parts (like every other 4D object), this elucdation focuses on a timescale in which the obejct shows a persistence in time.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: HolisticSystem
etymology: From Latin systema, from Greek sustēma, from sun- ‘with’ + histanai ‘set up’.

PhaseOfMatter
type: Class
elucidation: A matter object throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform.
comment: In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system), throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform. Examples of physical properties include density, index of refraction, magnetization and chemical composition. A simple description is that a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and (often) mechanically separable. In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar, the ice cubes are one phase, the water is a second phase, and the humid air is a third phase over the ice and water. The glass of the jar is another separate phase. The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but there can be several immiscible phases of the same state of matter. Also, the term phase is sometimes used to refer to a set of equilibrium states demarcated in terms of state variables such as pressure and temperature by a phase boundary on a phase diagram. Because phase boundaries relate to changes in the organization of matter, such as a change from liquid to solid or a more subtle change from one crystal structure to another, this latter usage is similar to the use of "phase" as a synonym for state of matter. However, the state of matter and phase diagram usages are not commensurate with the formal definition given above and the intended meaning must be determined in part from the context in which the term is used.

Axiom
annotated property: comment
annotated target: In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system), throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform. Examples of physical properties include density, index of refraction, magnetization and chemical composition. A simple description is that a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and (often) mechanically separable. In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar, the ice cubes are one phase, the water is a second phase, and the humid air is a third phase over the ice and water. The glass of the jar is another separate phase. The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but there can be several immiscible phases of the same state of matter. Also, the term phase is sometimes used to refer to a set of equilibrium states demarcated in terms of state variables such as pressure and temperature by a phase boundary on a phase diagram. Because phase boundaries relate to changes in the organization of matter, such as a change from liquid to solid or a more subtle change from one crystal structure to another, this latter usage is similar to the use of "phase" as a synonym for state of matter. However, the state of matter and phase diagram usages are not commensurate with the formal definition given above and the intended meaning must be determined in part from the context in which the term is used.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(matter)

Deduced
type: Class

CelsiusTemperature
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
ISO80000Reference: 5-2
elucidation: An objective comparative measure of hot or cold. Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature differences. Unlike ThermodynamicTemperature, it cannot express absolute temperatures.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06261

AngularMomentum
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AngularMomentum
ISO80000Reference: 4-11
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00353
comment: Measure of the extent and direction an object rotates about a reference point.

HIggsBoson
type: Class

SIAcceptedSpecialUnit
type: Class
elucidation: Non-SI units mentioned in the SI.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-SI_units_mentioned_in_the_SI
comment: This is a list of units that are not defined as part of the International System of Units (SI), but are otherwise mentioned in the SI brouchure, because either the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) accepts their use as being multiples or submultiples of SI-units, they have important contemporary application worldwide, or are otherwise commonly encountered worldwide.

EmpiricalSimulationSoftware
type: Class

ReactiveMaterial
type: Class
elucidation: A material that undergoes chemical changes.

Coulomb
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: C
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/C
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01365
comment: Measurement unit for electric charge.

ArcSecond
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: ″
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/ARCSEC
definition: Measure of plane angle defined as 1/3600 or a degree.
alternative label: SecondOfArc

EmpiricalFormula
type: Class
elucidation: An expression that provide information about the element type of a compound and their relative ratio.
example: Hydrogen peroxide is HO

JosephsonConstantDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T+4 L-2 M-1 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0

Antiparticle
type: Class

Colloid
type: Class
elucidation: A mixture in which one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble or soluble particles (from 1 nm to 1 μm) is suspended throughout another substance and that does not settle, or would take a very long time to settle appreciably.
comment: Colloids are characterized by the occurring of the Tyndall effect on light.

Bel
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: B
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/B
definition: One bel is defined as `1⁄2 ln(10) neper`.
elucidation: Unit of measurement for quantities of type level or level difference.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibel
comment: Today decibel (one tenth of a bel) is commonly used instead of bel.
comment: bel is used to express the ratio of one value of a power or field quantity to another, on a logarithmic scale, the logarithmic quantity being called the power level or field level, respectively.

Theorisation
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: The 'semiosis' process of interpreting a 'physical' and provide a complec sign, 'theory' that stands for it and explain it to another interpreter.
alternative label: Theorization

PhysicsEquationSolution
type: Class
elucidation: A function solution of a physics equation that provides a methods for the prediction of some quantitiative properties of an object.
example: A parabolic function is a prediction of the trajectory of a falling object in a gravitational field. While it has predictive capabilities it lacks of an analogical character, since it does not show the law behind that trajectory.
comment: This must be a mathematical function v(t), x(t). A dataset as solution is a conventional sign.

Uncoded
type: Class
elucidation: A conventional that provides no possibility to infer the characteristics of the object to which it refers.
example: A random generated id for a product.

ElectronicModel
type: Class
elucidation: A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of electrons.
example: Density functional theory. Hartree-Fock.

AreaFractionUnit
type: Class
elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two areas.
example: Unit for solid angle.

SemioticObject
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: The object, in Peirce semiotics, as participant to a semiotic process.
comment: Here is assumed that the concept of 'object' is always relative to a 'semiotic' process. An 'object' does not exists per se, but it's always part of an interpretation. The EMMO relies on strong reductionism, i.e. everything real is a formless collection of elementary particles: we give a meaning to real world entities only by giving them boundaries and defining them using 'sign'-s. In this way the 'sign'-ed entity becomes an 'object', and the 'object' is the basic entity needed in order to apply a logical formalism to the real world entities (i.e. we can speak of it through its sign, and use logics on it through its sign).
alternative label: Object

OrganicCompound
type: Class

SICoherentUnit
type: Class
comment: Derived units are defined as products of powers of the base units. When the numerical factor of this product is one, the derived units are called coherent derived units. The base and coherent derived units of the SI form a coherent set, designated the set of coherent SI units.

ArithmeticOperator
type: Class

Field
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Class
elucidation: A 'Physical' with 'Massless' parts that are mediators of interactions.

ContinuumManufacturing
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A manufacturing process whose product is the result of the combination of more substances.
example: Synthesis of materials, the preparation of a cake.

DerivedQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: "Quantity, in a system of quantities, defined in terms of the base quantities of that system".

Coded
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: A conventional that stands for an object according to a code of interpretation to which the interpreter refers.
example: A biography that makes use of a code that is provided by the meaning of the element of the language used by the author.
example: The name "red" that stands for the color of an object.
comment: A conventional referring to an object according to a specific code that reflects the results of a specific interaction mechanism and is shared between other interpreters. A coded is always a partial representation of an object since it reflects the object capability to be part of a specific determination. A coded is a sort of name or label that we put upon objects that interact with an determiner in the same specific way. For example, "hot" objects are objects that interact with an observer through a perception mechanism aimed to perceive an heat source. The code is made of terms such as "hot", "warm", "cold", that commonly refer to the perception of heat.
comment: Let's define the class Colour as the subclass of the coded signs that involve photon emission and electromagnetic radiation sensible observers. An individual C of this class Colour can be defined be declaring the process individual (e.g. daylight illumination) and the observer (e.g. my eyes) Stating that an entity E hasCoded C, we mean that it can be observed by such setup of process + observer (i.e. observed by my eyes under daylight). This definition can be specialised for human eye perception, so that the observer can be a generic human, or to camera perception so that the observer can be a device. This can be used in material characterization, to define exactly the type of measurement done, including the instrument type.

Quark
type: Class
elucidation: The class of individuals that stand for quarks elementary particles.

Kilo
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1000.0
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: k

Numeral
type: Class

Liquid
type: Class
elucidation: A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure.

NaturalMaterial
type: Class
elucidation: A Material occurring in nature, without the need of human intervention.

ElectricResistanceDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0

PlanckConstant
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/PlanckConstant
elucidation: The quantum of action. It defines the kg base unit in the SI system.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04685

MassDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

CategorizedPhysicalQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: The superclass for all physical quantities classes that are categorized according to some domain of interests (e.g. metallurgy, chemistry), property (intensive/extensive) or application.

ElectricImpedance
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Impedance
comment: Measure of the opposition that a circuit presents to a current when a voltage is applied.
alternative label: Impedance

Hadron
type: Class

MassFraction
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MassFraction
ISO80000Reference: 9-11
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03722
comment: Mass of a constituent divided by the total mass of all constituents in the mixture.

ElectricCurrentDensity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricCurrentDensity
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01928
comment: Electric current divided by the cross-sectional area it is passing through.
alternative label: CurrentDensity

Cognition
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
alternative label: IconSemiosis

MetricPrefix
type: Class
elucidation: Dimensionless multiplicative unit prefix.

Metre
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: m
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/M
definition: The metre, symbol m, is the SI unit of length. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the speed of light in vacuum c to be 299792458 when expressed in the unit m s−1, where the second is defined in terms of ∆νCs.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03884

Gluon
type: Class
elucidation: The class of individuals that stand for gluons elementary particles.

MeasuringSystem
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A set of one or more 'MeasuringInstruments' and often other devices, including any reagent and supply, assembled and adapted to give information used to generate 'MeasuredQuantityProperty' within specified intervals for quantities of specified kinds. -- VIM
VIMTerm: measuring system

ChemicalComposition
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: A language construct that provides information about the consitutents of a substance and their fractions or amounts.

EMMO
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: The class representing the collection of all the individuals declared in this ontology standing for world objects.
comment: 'EMMO' is the disjoint union of 'Item' and 'Collection' (covering axiom). The union implies that 'EMMO' individuals can only be 'Item' individuals (standing for self-connected world objects) or 'Collection' individuals (standing for a collection of disconnected items). Disjointness means that a 'Collection' individual cannot be an 'Item' individual and viceversa, representing the fact that a world object cannot be self-connected and non-self connected at the same time.
comment: Mereotopology is the logical framework used by the EMMO ontologist to characterize the universe and to provide the definitions to connect world objects to the EMMO concepts. For the EMMO ontologist the whole universe is the most comprehensive object. World objects are then sub-parts of the universe. The fundamental distinction between world objects, upon which the EMMO is based, is self-connectedness: a world object can be self-connected xor not self-connected. Parthood relations do not change dimensionality of the world object: every part of a world object is another world object and always retains a 4D dimensionality character. The smallest part of a world object (i.e. a part that has no proper parts) is called a 'Quantum' individual. Quantum individuals are the fundamental causal constituents of the universe. They are no-dimensional, and their aggregation makes 4D objects emerge from their causal structure. It follows that, for the EMMO, world objects of dimensionality lower than 4D (e.g. surfaces, lines) do not exist. In the EMMO there are no relations such as occupiesSpace, since objects are themselves the 4D regions. An object always possess 4-dimensions. It follows from the fact that perception is always unfolding in time (e.g. you always have an aperture time when you take a picture or measure a property. Instantaneous perceptions are idealizations (abstractions) or a very small time measurement).

Electron
type: Class
elucidation: The class of individuals that stand for electrons elementary particles.

TemporallyRedundant
type: Class
elucidation: A whole with temporal parts of its same type.

Speed
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Speed
ISO80000Reference: 3-8.2
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05852
comment: Length per unit time. Speed in the absolute value of the velocity.

AmountOfSubstance
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AmountOfSubstance
ISO80000Reference: 9-2
elucidation: The number of elementary entities present.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00297
comment: "In the name “amount of substance”, the word “substance” will typically be replaced by words to specify the substance concerned in any particular application, for example “amount of hydrogen chloride, HCl”, or “amount of benzene, C6H6 ”. It is important to give a precise definition of the entity involved (as emphasized in the definition of the mole); this should preferably be done by specifying the molecular chemical formula of the material involved. Although the word “amount” has a more general dictionary definition, the abbreviation of the full name “amount of substance” to “amount” may be used for brevity." -- SI Brochure

MagneticDipoleMoment
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MagneticDipoleMoment
ISO80000Reference: 10-9.1
ISO80000Reference: 6-30
elucidation: Vector quantity μ causing a change to its energy ΔW in an external magnetic field of field flux density B: ΔW = −μ · B
iupacReference: http://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/M03688
comment: For an atom or nucleus, this energy is quantized and can be written as: W = g μ M B where g is the appropriate g factor, μ is mostly the Bohr magneton or nuclear magneton, M is magnetic quantum number, and B is magnitude of the magnetic flux density. -- ISO 80000

SINonCoherentUnit
type: Class

Product
type: Class
ISO9000Reference: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:9000:ed-3:v1:en:term:3.4.2
ISO14040Reference: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:14040:ed-2:v1:en:term:3.9
elucidation: The overall lifetime of an holistic that has been the output of an intentional process.
comment: This concepts encompass the overall lifetime of a product. Is temporaly fundamental, meaning that it can have other products as holistic spatial parts, but its holistic temporal parts are not products. In other words, the individual must encompass the whole lifetime from creation to disposal. A product can be a tangible object (e.g. a manufactured object), a process (e.g. service). It can be the outcome of a natural or an artificially driven process. It must have and initial stage of its life that is also an outcome of a intentional process.
alternative label: Output

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Product
etymology: From Latin productum ‘something produced’, derived from Latin producere, from pro- ‘forward’ + ducere ‘to lead’.

BondedAtom
type: Class
elucidation: An bonded atom that shares at least one electron to the atom-based entity of which is part of.
comment: A real bond between atoms is always something hybrid between covalent, metallic and ionic. In general, metallic and ionic bonds have atoms sharing electrons.
comment: The bond types that are covered by this definition are the strong electonic bonds: covalent, metallic and ionic.
comment: This class can be used to represent molecules as simplified quantum systems, in which outer molecule shared electrons are un-entangled with the inner shells of the atoms composing the molecule.

InternalEnergy
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/InternalEnergy
ISO80000Reference: 5.20-2
elucidation: A state quantity equal to the difference between the total energy of a system and the sum of the macroscopic kinetic and potential energies of the system.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.I03103
alternative label: ThermodynamicEnergy

MuonNeutrino
type: Class

MeasuredUncertainty
type: Class
elucidation: A non-negative parameter characterising the dispersion of the quantity being measured.
example: - Standard deviation - Half-width of an interval with a stated coverage probability
VIMTerm: measured uncertainty
comment: In general, for a given set of information, it is understood that the measurement uncertainty is associated with a stated quantity value. A modification of this value results in a modification of the associated uncertainty.
comment: Measurement uncertainty includes components arising from systematic effects, such as components associated with corrections and the assigned quantity values of measurement standards, as well as the definitional uncertainty. Sometimes estimated systematic effects are not corrected for but, instead, associated measurement uncertainty components are incorporated.

AbsorbedDoseDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

AtomisticModel
type: Class
elucidation: A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of atoms.

Frequency
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Frequency
ISO80000Reference: 3-15.1
elucidation: Number of periods per time interval.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.FT07383

ReplicaModel
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: An icon that not only have some resemblance of the object, but also can function as the object.
example: A small scale replica of a plane tested in a wind gallery shares the same functionality in terms of aerodynamic behaviour of the bigger one.
example: Pinocchio is a functional icon of a boy since it imitates the external behaviour without having the internal biological structure of a human being (it is made of magic wood...).

Torus
type: Class

Software
type: Class
elucidation: A language object that follows syntactic rules of a programming language.

NonPrefixedUnit
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
elucidation: A measurement unit symbol that do not have a metric prefix as a direct spatial part.

ManufacturingDevice
type: Class
elucidation: A device that is designed to participate to a manufacturing process.

Manufactured
type: Class
elucidation: An object that has been designed and manufactured for a particular purpose.
example: Car, tire, composite material.
alternative label: Artifact
alternative label: Engineered
alternative label: TangibleProduct

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Artifact
etymology: From Latin arte ‘by or using art’ + factum ‘something made’.

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Engineered
etymology: From Latin ingenium "innate qualities, ability; inborn character," in Late Latin "a war engine, battering ram"; literally "that which is inborn," from in- ("in") + gignere ("give birth, beget").

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: TangibleProduct
etymology: From late Latin tangibilis, from tangere ‘to touch’.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Manufactured
etymology: From Latin manufacture: "made by hand".

ElectricConductivityDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T+3 L-3 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0

MeasuredQuantitativeProperty
type: Class
elucidation: Measured value of a quantity representing a 'MeasurementResult'. -- VIM
VIMTerm: measured quantity value
comment: For a measurement involving replicate indications, each indication can be used to provide a corresponding 'MeasuredQuantityProperty'. This set of individual measured quantity properties can be used to calculate a resulting measured quantity property, such as an average or median, usually with a decreased associated 'MeasuredUncertainty'. -- VIM
alternative label: MeasuredQuantityValue

DiscreteManufacturing
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A manufacturing process aimed to the production of a device made of specific components.
example: Assemblying a bicycle, building a car.

Fluid
type: Class
elucidation: A continuum that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure.
example: Gas, liquid, plasma,

Cognised
type: Class

MathematicalFormula
type: Class
elucidation: A mathematical string that express a relation between the elements in one set X to elements in another set Y.
comment: The set X is called domain and the set Y range or codomain.

ChemicalPotential
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ChemicalPotential
ISO80000Reference: 9-17
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01032
comment: Energy per unit change in amount of substance.

ArithmeticExpression
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  complement of: Restriction
example: 2+2

ExactConstant
type: Class
elucidation: Physical constant used to define a unit system. Hence, when expressed in that unit system they have an exact value with no associated uncertainty.

SymbolicConstruct
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A symbolic entity made of other symbolic entities according to a specific spatial configuration.
comment: This class collects individuals that represents arrangements of strings, or other symbolic compositions, without any particular predifined arrangement schema.

ChemicalMaterial
type: Class

Joule
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: J
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/J
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.J03363
comment: Measurement unit for energy.

Continuum
type: Class
elucidation: A state that is a collection of sufficiently large number of other parts such that: - it is the bearer of qualities that can exists only by the fact that it is a sum of parts - the smallest partition dV of the state volume in which we are interested in, contains enough parts to be statistically consistent: n [#/m3] x dV [m3] >> 1
comment: A continuum is made of a sufficient number of parts that it continues to exists as continuum individual even after the loss of one of them i.e. a continuum is a redundant.
comment: A continuum is not necessarily small (i.e. composed by the minimum amount of sates to fulfill the definition). A single continuum individual can be the whole fluid in a pipe.
comment: A continuum is the bearer of properties that are generated by the interactions of parts such as viscosity and thermal or electrical conductivity.

CompositeParticle
type: Class

ModellingApplication
type: Class

Semiotics
type: Class
equivalent class: Class

ResemblanceIcon
type: Class
elucidation: An icon that mimics the spatial or temporal shape of the object.
comment: An icon that focus on WHERE/WHEN the object is, in the sense of spatial or temporal shape.
comment: The subclass of icon inspired by Peirceian category a) the image, which depends on a simple quality (e.g. picture).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: ResemblanceIcon
etymology: From Old French sambler, sembler, from Late Latin similāre, present active infinitive of similō, from Latin similis, from Proto-Italic *semalis, from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“together, one”).

Candela
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: cd
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/CD
definition: The candela, symbol cd, is the SI unit of luminous intensity in a given direction. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540×1012 Hz, Kcd, to be 683 when expressed in the unit lm W−1, which is equal to cd sr W−1, or cd sr kg−1 m−2 s3, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and ∆νCs.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00787

Theory
type: Class
elucidation: A 'conventional' that stand for a 'physical'.
comment: The 'theory' is e.g. a proposition, a book or a paper whose sub-symbols suggest in the mind of the interpreter an interpretant structure that can represent a 'physical'. It is not an 'icon' (like a math equation), because it has no common resemblance or logical structure with the 'physical'. In Peirce semiotics: legisign-symbol-argument

Radioactivity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SpecificActivity
elucidation: Decays per unit time.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00114
alternative label: RadioactiveActivity

PhysicalBasedSimulationSoftware
type: Class

ProtonMass
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/ProtonMass
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04914
comment: The rest mass of a proton.

Plus
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: +

AbsorbedDose
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AbsorbedDose
definition: Energy imparted to matter by ionizing radiation in a suitable small element of volume divided by the mass of that element of volume.
ISO80000Reference: 10-81.1
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00031

Somatosensory
type: Class

Proton
type: Class

AreaDensityDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

NominalProperty
type: Class
elucidation: An 'ObjectiveProperty' that cannot be quantified.
example: CFC is a 'sign' that stands for the fact that the morphology of atoms composing the microstructure of an entity is predominantly Cubic Face Centered A color is a nominal property. Sex of a human being.
comment: "Property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has no magnitude." "A nominal property has a value, which can be expressed in words, by alphanumerical codes, or by other means." International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)

PartialComposition
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction

Object
type: Class
elucidation: A whole that is identified according to a criteria based on its spatial configuration that is satisfied throughout its time extension.
comment: A continuant (here called object) is usually defined as a whole whose all possible temporal parts are always satisfying a specific criterion (wich is the classical definition of continuants). However that's not possible in general, since we will finally end to temporal parts whose temporal extension is so small that the connectivity relations that define the object will no longer hold. That's the case when the temporal interval is lower than the interval that characterize the causality interactions between the object parts. In other terms, if the time span of a temporal part is lower than the inverse of the frequency of interactions between the constituents, then the constituents in such temporal part are not connected. The object is no more an object, neither an item, but simply a collection of fundamental parts. To overcome this issue, we can identify an minimum holistic temporal part (a lower time interval value), below which a specific definition for an object type does not hold anymore, that is called a fundamental.
alternative label: Continuant
alternative label: Endurant

MaterialsModel
type: Class

Assemblying
type: Class
elucidation: The act of connecting together the parts of something

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Assemblying
etymology: From Old French asembler, based on Latin ad- ‘to’ + simul ‘together’.

VolumeDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+3 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

Polynomial
type: Class
example: 2 * x^2 + x + 3

IUPACNomencalture
type: Class

ChemicalFormula
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A symbolic construct that provides informations about the chemical proportions of the elements that constitute a chemical compound or a specific molecule.
comment: A chemical formula may also include other symbols such as parentheses, plus and minus signs, brackets

TwoManifold
type: Class
alternative label: 2-manifold

ElectricReactance
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Reactance
comment: The opposition of a circuit element to a change in current or voltage, due to that element's inductance or capacitance.
alternative label: Reactance

Simulation
type: Class
elucidation: A estimation of a property using a simulation.
example: I calculate the electrical conductivity of an Ar-He plasma with the Chapman-Enskog method and use the value as property for it.
alternative label: Modelling

ScientificTheory
type: Class
elucidation: A scientific theory is a description, objective and observed.

LiquidAerosol
type: Class
elucidation: An aerosol composed of liquid droplets in air or another gas.

TransportationDevice
type: Class

MagneticFluxDensity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MagneticFluxDensity
ISO80000Reference: 6-21
elucidation: Strength of the magnetic field.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03686
comment: Often denoted B.

SolidAerosol
type: Class
elucidation: An aerosol composed of fine solid particles in air or another gas.

Area
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Area
ISO80000Reference: 3-3
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00429
comment: Extent of a surface.

Luminance
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Luminance
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03640
comment: Measured in cd/m². Not to confuse with Illuminance, which is measured in lux (cd sr/m²).
comment: a photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction.

Metrological
type: Class
elucidation: A language object used in metrology.
comment: Metrology includes all theoretical and practical aspects of measurement, whatever the measurement uncertainty and field of application. -- International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
comment: This language domain makes use of ISO 80000 concepts.

PhysicalDimension
type: Class
elucidation: A symbol that, following SI specifications, describe the physical dimensionality of a physical quantity and the exponents of the base units in a measurement unit.
comment: All physical quantities, with the exception of counts, are derived quantities, which may be written in terms of base quantities according to the equations of physics. The dimensions of the derived quantities are written as products of powers of the dimensions of the base quantities using the equations that relate the derived quantities to the base quantities. In general the dimension of any quantity Q is written in the form of a dimensional product, dim Q = T^α L^β M^γ I^δ Θ^ε N^ζ J^η where the exponents α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ and η, which are generally small integers, which can be positive, negative, or zero, are called the dimensional exponents. (SI brochure)
comment: The conventional symbolic representation of the dimension of a base quantity is a single upper case letter in roman (upright) type. The conventional symbolic representation of the dimension of a derived quantity is the product of powers of the dimensions of the base quantities according to the definition of the derived quantity. The dimension of a quantity Q is denoted by dim Q. ISO 80000-1
comment: The expression used by the EMMO for physical dimensions is a metrological symbol (but a string at meta level, i.e. the ontologist level) like this: Ta Lb Mc Id Θe Nf Jg where a, b, c, d, e, f and g are 0 or signed integers. Regex for the physical dimension symbol for the EMMO is: ^T([+-][1-9]|0) L([+-][1-9]|0) M([+-][1-9]|0) I([+-][1-9]|0) Θ([+-][1-9]|0) N([+-][1-9]|0) J([+-][1-9]|0)$ Examples of correspondance between base units and physical dimensions are: mol -> T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0 s -> T+1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0 A/m2 -> T0 L0 M-2 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0

Physicalistic
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: The perspective for which physical objects are categorized only by concepts coming from applied physical sciences.
comment: The concepts of matter and field are the fundamental objects categories for the physicalistic perspective. Here the class 'Field' refers to the quantum field of bosonic particles while the class 'Matter' refers to the quantum field of quarks and leptons.
comment: This perspective specify elementary objects as from the Standard Model of Particles.
alternative label: OrdinaryMatter

AlgebricEquation
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
example: 2 * a - b = c
comment: An 'equation' that has parts two 'polynomial'-s

SpeedOfLightInVacuum
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/SpeedOfLight_Vacuum
ISO80000Reference: 6-35.2
elucidation: The speed of light in vacuum. Defines the base unit metre in the SI system.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05854

Capacitance
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Capacitance
ISO80000Reference: 6-13
elucidation: The derivative of the electric charge of a system with respect to the electric potential.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00791
alternative label: ElectricCapacitance

Estimated
type: Class
example: The biography of a person that the author have not met.

Entropy
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Entropy
ISO80000Reference: 5-18
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02149
comment: Logarithmic measure of the number of available states of a system.
comment: May also be referred to as a measure of order of a system.

Measurer
type: Class
elucidation: An observer that makes use of a measurement tool and provides a quantitative property.

SolidFoam
type: Class
elucidation: A foam of trapped gas in a solid.
example: Aerogel

Kilogram
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: kg
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/KiloGM
definition: The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.62607015×10−34 when expressed in the unit J s, which is equal to kg m2 s−1, where the metre and the second are defined in terms of c and ∆νCs.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.K03391

PhysicalLaw
type: Class

StandardizedPhysicalQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: The superclass for all physical quantities classes that are categorized according to a standard (e.g. ISQ).

CentreOfMass
type: Class
elucidation: The unique point where the weighted relative position of the distributed mass of an Item sums to zero. Equivalently, it is the point where if a force is applied to the Item, causes the Item to move in direction of force without rotation.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_mass
comment: In non-relativistic physics, the centre of mass doesn’t depend on the chosen reference frame.

MagneticFieldStrengthDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-1 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0

NumericalVariable
type: Class
elucidation: A variable standing for a numerical defined mathematical object like e.g. a number, a vector of numbers, a matrix of numbers.

PolyatomicEntity
type: Class

VolumeFractionUnit
type: Class
elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two volumes.
example: Unit for volume fraction.

Micro
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1.0E-6
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: µ

CubicMetre
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/M3
omReference: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/cubicMetre
elucidation: SI coherent measurement unit for volume.

PhysioChememicalQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-9.

ElementalMaterial
type: Class

Symbol
type: Class
elucidation: The class of individuals that stand for an elementary mark of a specific symbolic code (alphabet).
example: The class of letter "A" is the symbol as idea and the letter A that you see on the screen is the mark that can be represented by an individual belonging to "A".
comment: Subclasses of 'Symbol' are alphabets, in formal languages terminology. A 'Symbol' is atomic for that alphabet, i.e. it has no parts that are symbols for the same alphabet. e.g. a math symbol is not made of other math symbols A Symbol may be a String in another language. e.g. "Bq" is the symbol for Becquerel units when dealing with metrology, or a string of "B" and "q" symbols when dealing with characters.
comment: Symbols of a formal language need not be symbols of anything. For instance there are logical constants which do not refer to any idea, but rather serve as a form of punctuation in the language (e.g. parentheses). Symbols of a formal language must be capable of being specified without any reference to any interpretation of them. (Wikipedia)
comment: The class is the idea of the symbol, while the individual of that class stands for a specific mark (or token) of that idea.

Radian
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: rad
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/RAD
elucidation: Measure of plane angle.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05036
comment: Dimensionless measurement unit for plane angle.

Macromolecule
type: Class

Litre
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: l
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/L
definition: A non-SI unit of volume defined as 1 cubic decimetre (dm3),
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03594

Particle
type: Class
comment: The scope of the particle definition goes from the elementary particles to molecules, as fundamental constituents of substances.

SpaceAndTimeQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-3.

ChemicalCompositionQuantity
type: Class

Solid
type: Class
elucidation: A continuum characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume, that retains its shape and density when not confined.

SubMultipleUnit
type: Class
elucidation: Measurement unit obtained by dividing a given measurement unit by an integer greater than one.

Division
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: /

Milli
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 0.001
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: m

RybergConstant
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/RydbergConstant
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05430
comment: The Rydberg constant represents the limiting value of the highest wavenumber (the inverse wavelength) of any photon that can be emitted from the hydrogen atom, or, alternatively, the wavenumber of the lowest-energy photon capable of ionizing the hydrogen atom from its ground state.

StructuralFormula
type: Class
elucidation: A graphical representation of a molecular structure showing the relative position in space of the atomic constituents and their bonds.

DataBasedModel
type: Class
elucidation: A computational application that uses existing data to predict the behaviour of a system without providing a identifiable analogy with the original object.

Manufacturing
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: The process of transforming an precursor object (e.g. raw materials) into a product by the use of manual labor, machinery or chemical/biological processes.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Manufacturing
etymology: From Latin manufacture: "made by hand".

DownQuark
type: Class

TopQuark
type: Class

ArithmeticEquation
type: Class
example: 1 + 1 = 2

Stage
type: Class
elucidation: A process which is an holistic temporal part of a process.
example: Moving a leg is a stage of the process of running.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Stage
etymology: Based on Latin stare ‘to stand’.

ISQDimensionlessQuantity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A quantity to which no physical dimension is assigned and with a corresponding unit of measurement in the SI of the unit one.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionless_quantity
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01742

TemperatureDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0

Pascal
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Pa
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/PA
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04442
comment: Measurement unit for pressure.

Punctuation
type: Class

Giga
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1.0E9
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: G

VolumeFraction
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/VolumeFraction
ISO80000Reference: 9-14
elucidation: Volume of a constituent of a mixture divided by the sum of volumes of all constituents prior to mixing.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.V06643

Farad
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: F
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/FARAD
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02320
comment: Measurement unit for electric capacitance.

Newton
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: N
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/N
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.N04135
comment: Measurement unit for force.

TemporallyFundamental
type: Class
elucidation: The class of individuals that satisfy a whole defining criteria (i.e. belongs to a subclass of whole) and have no temporal parts that satisfy that same criteria (no parts that are of the same type of the whole).

Torque
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Torque
ISO80000Reference: 4-12.2
elucidation: The effectiveness of a force to produce rotation about an axis, measured by the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06400
comment: Even though torque has the same physical dimension as energy, it is not of the same kind and can not be measured with energy units like joule or electron volt.

ElectricChargeDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0

Chemical
type: Class
elucidation: A language object that follows the syntactic rules used in the chemical field.

KineticEnergy
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/KineticEnergy
ISO80000Reference: 4-28.2
elucidation: The energy of an object due to its motion.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.K03402

BaseQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: "Quantity in a conventionally chosen subset of a given system of quantities, where no quantity in the subset can be expressed in terms of the other quantities within that subset" ISO 80000-1

Tesla
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: T
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/T
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06283
comment: Measurement unit for magnetic flux density or induction.

StandardUnit
type: Class
elucidation: A reference unit provided by a reference material. International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
example: Arbitrary amount-of-substance concentration of lutropin in a given sample of plasma (WHO international standard 80/552): 5.0 International Unit/l

Strain
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Strain
ISO80000Reference: 4-17.1
elucidation: Change of the relative positions of parts of a body, excluding a displacement of the body as a whole.

MolarGasConstant
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/MolarGasConstant
ISO80000Reference: 9-37.1
elucidation: Equivalent to the Boltzmann constant, but expressed in units of energy per temperature increment per mole (rather than energy per temperature increment per particle).
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02579

Python
type: Class

Constant
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A variable that stand for a well known constant.
example: π refers to the constant number ~3.14

PerAmountDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0

ElectromagneticQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-6.

AreaDensity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S06167
comment: Mass per unit area.

ThermodynamicTemperature
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ThermodynamicTemperature
ISO80000Reference: 5-1
elucidation: Thermodynamic temperature is the absolute measure of temperature. It is defined by the third law of thermodynamics in which the theoretically lowest temperature is the null or zero point.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06321

Assignment
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction

MeasurementUnit
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
elucidation: A 'Quantity' that stands for the standard reference magnitude of a specific class of measurement processes, defined and adopted by convention or by law. The numerical quantity value of the 'MeasurementUnit' is conventionally 1 and does not appear. Quantitative measurement results are expressed as a multiple of the 'MeasurementUnit'.
comment: "Real scalar quantity, defined and adopted by convention, with which any other quantity of the same kind can be compared to express the ratio of the second quantity to the first one as a number" ISO 80000-1
comment: "Unit symbols are mathematical entities and not abbreviations." "Symbols for units are treated as mathematical entities. In expressing the value of a quantity as the product of a numerical value and a unit, both the numerical value and the unit may be treated by the ordinary rules of algebra." https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf
comment: While the SI brochure treats 'MeasurementUnit' as a 'PhysicalQuantity', in the EMMO this is not possible since the latter always has two direct parts, a 'Numerical' and a 'MeasurementUnit', while the former a single 'Symbol'. SI distinguishes between a quantity (an abstract concept) and the quantity value (a number and a reference). The EMMO, following strict nominalism, considers a SI quantity as a SI quantity value, collapsing the two concepts into one: the 'Quantity'. So, for the EMMO the symbol "kg" is not a physical quantity but a 'MeasurementUnit', while the string "1 kg" is 'Physical Quantity'.

SquareMetre
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/M2
omReference: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/squareMetre
elucidation: SI coherent measurement unit for area.

CapacitanceDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T+4 L-2 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0

DegreeCelsius
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: °C
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/DEG_C
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01561
comment: Measurement unit for Celsius temperature. This unit can only be used for expressing temperature differences.

Sign
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: An 'Physical' that is used as sign ("semeion" in greek) that stands for another 'Physical' through an semiotic process.
example: A novel is made of chapters, paragraphs, sentences, words and characters (in a direct parthood mereological hierarchy). Each of them are 'sign'-s. A character can be the a-tomistic 'sign' for the class of texts. The horizontal segment in the character "A" is direct part of "A" but it is not a 'sign' itself. For plain text we can propose the ASCII symbols, for math the fundamental math symbols.
comment: A 'Sign' can have temporal-direct-parts which are 'Sign' themselves. A 'Sign' usually havs 'sign' spatial direct parts only up to a certain elementary semiotic level, in which the part is only a 'Physical' and no more a 'Sign' (i.e. it stands for nothing). This elementary semiotic level is peculiar to each particular system of signs (e.g. text, painting). Just like an 'Elementary' in the 'Physical' branch, each 'Sign' branch should have an a-tomistic mereological part.
comment: According to Peirce, 'Sign' includes three subcategories: - symbols: that stand for an object through convention - indeces: that stand for an object due to causal continguity - icons: that stand for an object due to similitudes e.g. in shape or composition

PhysicsBasedModel
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A solvable set of one Physics Equation and one or more Materials Relations.
is defined by: CEN Workshop Agreement – CWA 17284 “Materials modelling – terminology, classification and metadata”

Axiom
annotated property: isDefinedBy
annotated target: CEN Workshop Agreement – CWA 17284 “Materials modelling – terminology, classification and metadata”

Circle
type: Class

LengthDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

Neper
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Np
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/NP
dbpediaReference: http://dbpedia.org/page/Neper
definition: Unit of measurement for quantities of type level or level difference, which are defined as the natural logarithm of the ratio of power- or field-type quantities. The value of a ratio in nepers is given by `ln(x1/x2)` where `x1` and `x2` are the values of interest (amplitudes), and ln is the natural logarithm. When the values are quadratic in the amplitude (e.g. power), they are first linearised by taking the square root before the logarithm is taken, or equivalently the result is halved. Wikipedia
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neper
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.N04106

MagneticFieldStrength
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MagneticFieldStrength
ISO80000Reference: 6-25
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03683
comment: Strength of a magnetic field. Commonly denoted H.

Illuminance
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Illuminance
definition: The total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.I02941

Centi
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 0.01
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: c

Geometrical
type: Class
elucidation: A 'graphical' aimed to represent a geometrical concept.
example: A geometrical object can be expressed in many different forms. For example, a line can be expressed by: a) an equation like y=mx+q, which is both an 'equation' and a 'geometrical' b) a line drawn with a pencil on a paper, which is simply a 'graphical' object c) a set of axioms, when the properties of a line are inferred by the interpreter reading them, that are both 'graphical' and also 'formula' The case a) is a geometrical and mathematical, b) is geometrical and pictorial, while c) is geometrical and a composition of idiomatic strings.

Boson
type: Class

Gradient
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: ∇

Becquerel
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Bq
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/BQ
definition: Radioactive decays per second.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.B00624
comment: Unit for radioactive activity.

Property
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A coded that makes use of an atomic symbol with respect to the code used to refer to the interaction.
example: Hardness is a subclass of properties. Vickers hardness is a subclass of hardness that involves the procedures and instruments defined by the standard hardness test.
example: The name "red" which is atomic in the code made of the list of colors.
comment: A property is atomic in the sense that is aimed to deliver one and one only aspect of the object according to one code, such as the color with one sign (e.g., black) or a quantitiative property (e.g., 1.4 kg).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Property
etymology: From Latin proprietas (“a peculiarity, one's peculiar nature or quality, right or fact of possession, property”), from proprius (“special, particular, one's own”).

SemioticEntity
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: The class of individuals that stands for semiotic objects, i.e. objects that take part on a semiotic process.
comment: Semiotic subclasse are defined using Peirce's semiotic theory. "Namely, a sign is something, A, which brings something, B, its interpretant sign determined or created by it, into the same sort of correspondence with something, C, its object, as that in which itself stands to C." (Peirce 1902, NEM 4, 20–21). The triadic elements: - 'sign': the sign A (e.g. a name) - 'interpretant': the sign B as the effects of the sign A on the interpreter (e.g. the mental concept of what a name means) - 'object': the object C (e.g. the entity to which the sign A and B refer to) This class includes also the 'interpeter' i.e. the entity that connects the 'sign' to the 'object'

Degree
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: °
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/DEG
dbpediaReference: http://dbpedia.org/page/Degree_(angle)
definition: Degree is a measurement of plane angle, defined by representing a full rotation as 360 degrees.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01560

Arrangement
type: Class
elucidation: A system which is mainly characterised by the spatial configuration of its elements.

PhysicalConstant
type: Class
elucidation: Physical constants are categorised into "exact" and measured constants. With "exact" constants, we refer to physical constants that have an exact numerical value after the revision of the SI system that was enforsed May 2019.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physical_constants

StateOfMatter
type: Class
elucidation: A superclass made as the disjoint union of all the form under which matter can exist.
comment: In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter

JosephsonConstant
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/JosephsonConstant
elucidation: Inverse of the magnetic flux quantum.
comment: The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetic_flux_quantum) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.

PureNumberQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: A pure number, typically the number of something.
example: 1, i, π, the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
comment: According to the SI brochure counting does not automatically qualify a quantity as an amount of substance. This quantity is used only to describe the outcome of a counting process, without regard of the type of entities. There are also some quantities that cannot be described in terms of the seven base quantities of the SI, but have the nature of a count. Examples are a number of molecules, a number of cellular or biomolecular entities (for example copies of a particular nucleic acid sequence), or degeneracy in quantum mechanics. Counting quantities are also quantities with the associated unit one.

IntentionalProcess
type: Class
elucidation: A process occurring with the active participation of an agent that designs and drives the process according to a specific objective (intention).
alternative label: DesignedProcess
alternative label: Project

Redundant
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: A whole with proper parts of its same type.
alternative label: NonMaximal

CatalyticActivity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/CatalyticActivity
elucidation: Increase in the rate of reaction of a specified chemical reaction that an enzyme produces in a specific assay system.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00881

ChemicalSymbolicConstruct
type: Class
equivalent class: Class

Meson
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction

MechanicalQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-4.

Letter
type: Class

CondensedFormula
type: Class
example: An expression that provides information about the element types that constiture a molecule or a molecular substance and their number, together with simple information about the connectivity of its groups by using parenthesis or by goruping element names according to its molecular structure.

Manufacturer
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: The agent that is participates and drives a manufacturing process.

Organisation
type: Class
elucidation: A system driven by group of people to address a particular purpose in an organised way .

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Organisation
etymology: From Latin organum (“organ”), from Ancient Greek ὄργανον (órganon, “an instrument, implement, tool, also an organ of sense or apprehension, an organ of the body, also a musical instrument, an organ”),

NewtonMetre
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/N-M
omReference: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/newtonMetre
elucidation: SI coherent measurement unit for torque.
comment: Note that the physical dimension is the same as for Joule.

ElementaryParticle
type: Class
elucidation: The union of all classes categorizing elementary particles according to the Standard Model.

CondensedMatterPhysicsQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-12.

FractionUnit
type: Class
elucidation: Unit for fractions of quantities of the same kind, to aid the understanding of the quantity being expressed.
comment: Quantities that are ratios of quantities of the same kind (for example length ratios and amount fractions) have the option of being expressed with units (m/m, mol/mol to aid the understanding of the quantity being expressed and also allow the use of SI prefixes, if this is desirable (μm/m, nmol/mol). -- SI Brochure

SolidGasSuspension
type: Class
elucidation: A coarse dispersion of gas in a solid continuum phase.

OrdinalQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: "Quantity, defined by a conventional measurement procedure, for which a total ordering relation can be established, according to magnitude, with other quantities of the same kind, but for which no algebraic operations among those quantities exist" International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
example: Hardness Resilience
comment: "Ordinal quantities, such as Rockwell C hardness, are usually not considered to be part of a system of quantities because they are related to other quantities through empirical relations only." International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)

Visual
type: Class
elucidation: A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer through an optical perception employing the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
example: A cloud. A picture. A colour gradient on a wall. A stain. A mail.

CausalObject
type: Class
elucidation: The class of all the individuals that stand for world objects that are a self-connected composition of more than one quantum object and whose temporal parts are always self-connected.
comment: A physical object expresses itself in time and space thanks to the underlying causality relations between its constituent quantum objects. It must at least provide two temporal parts. Physical object temporal parts must be always self-connected. In other words, a physical object is convex with respect to the connectivity relation.
alternative label: Physical

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Physical
etymology: From Latin physica "study of nature" (and Ancient Greek φυσικός, “natural”).

PrefixedUnit
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
elucidation: A measurement unit that is made of a metric prefix and a unit symbol.

FunctionalIcon
type: Class
elucidation: An icon that imitates one representative character of the object. It share external similarities with the object, but not necessarily the same internal logical structure.
example: A data based model is only a functional icon, since it provide the same relations between the properties of the object (e.g., it can predict some properties as function of others) but is not considering the internal mechanisms (i.e., it can ignore the physics).
example: A guinea pig.
comment: An icon that focusing WHAT the object is.
comment: This subclass of icon inspired by Peirceian category (c) the metaphor, which represents the representative character of a sign by representing a parallelism in something else.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: FunctionalIcon
etymology: From Latin functiō (“performance, execution”), from functus, perfect participle of fungor (“to perform, execute, discharge”).

Graphical
type: Class
elucidation: A 'Perceptual' which stands for a real world object whose spatial configuration is due to an explicit graphical procedure and shows an identifiable pattern.
example: 'Graphical' objects include writings, pictures, sketches ...
comment: This concept includes only things that are purposely created by an agent.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Graphical
etymology: From the Ancient Greek γραφή (graphḗ) which means drawing, painting, writing, a writing, description, and from γράφω (gráphō) which means scratch, carve.
comment: The term graphical is used in etymological sense, comprising both writings and visual arts.

PowerDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-3 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

Declared
type: Class

ElectricCurrent
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricCurrent
ISO80000Reference: 6-1
elucidation: A flow of electric charge.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01927

ProcedureUnit
type: Class
elucidation: A reference unit provided by a measurement procedure.
example: Rockwell C hardness of a given sample (150 kg load): 43.5HRC(150 kg)

ElectricDipoleMomentDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T+1 L+1 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0

Minute
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: min
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/MIN
dbpediaReference: http://dbpedia.org/page/Minute
definition: Non-SI time unit defined as 60 seconds.

ChemicalSpecies
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: Specific form of an element defined as to isotopic composition, electronic or oxidation state, and/or complex or molecular structure. Chemical species is the macroscopic equivalent of molecular entity and refers to sets or ensembles of molecular entities.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.CT06859
comment: Following nominalistic approach a species is simply a name that can point to an element name, a chemical formula or a chemical compound. So everything addressed by these classes of names can be calleded a chemical species.
comment: N2 Methane CH4 Fe Sodium Chloride

ElectronCharge
type: Class
definition: The charge of an electron.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01982
comment: The negative of ElementaryCharge.

ScalarBoson
type: Class
comment: Since the only known scalar boson is the Higgs boson, the two classes are equivalent.

Document
type: Class
elucidation: An heterogenous object made of different graphical object parts.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Document
etymology: From Latin documentum, from the verb doceō (“teach”) +‎ -mentum.

Length
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
ISO80000Reference: 3-1.1
elucidation: Extend of a spatial dimension.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03498
comment: Length is a non-negative additive quantity attributed to a one-dimensional object in space.

LengthFractionUnit
type: Class
elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two lengths.
example: Unit for plane angle.

ElectricConductivity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/ElectricConductivity
ISO80000Reference: 6-43
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01245
comment: Measure of a material's ability to conduct an electric current. Conductivity is equeal to the resiprocal of resistivity.
alternative label: Conductivity

CatalyticActivityDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0

Constituent
type: Class
elucidation: An object which is an holistic spatial part of a object.
example: A tire is a constituent of a car.
alternative label: ObjectPart

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Constituent
etymology: From Latin cōnstituēns, present participle of cōnstituō (“I establish”), from com- (“together”) + statuo (“I set, place, establish”).

Steradian
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: sr
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/SR
elucidation: Dimensionless measurement unit for solid angle.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05971

ModelledQuantitativeProperty
type: Class

Stress
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Stress
ISO80000Reference: 4-15
comment: Force per unit oriented surface area .
comment: Measure of the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other.

Parameter
type: Class
example: Viscosity in the Navier-Stokes equation
comment: A variable whose value is assumed to be known independently from the equation, but whose value is not explicitated in the equation.

CASRN
type: Class
elucidation: Chemical Abstact Service registry number for a chemical substance from the American Chemical Society
example: Water is 7732-18-5

Lepton
type: Class

ChemicalSymbol
type: Class
equivalent class: Class

BottomQuark
type: Class

SIPrefixedUnit
type: Class
elucidation: A SI base or special unit with a metric prefix.
comment: The presence of the prefix makes this units non-coherent with SI system.

GasSolidSuspension
type: Class
elucidation: A coarse dispersion of solid in a gas continuum phase.
example: Dust, sand storm.

Time
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Time
definition: One-dimensional subspace of space-time, which is locally orthogonal to space.
ISO80000Reference: 3-7
elucidation: The indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06375
comment: Time can be seen as the duration of an event or, more operationally, as "what clocks read".

Assignment
type: Class
elucidation: A estimation of a property by a criteria based on the pre-existing knowledge of the estimator.
example: The Argon gas in my bottle has ionisation energy of 15.7596 eV. This is not measured but assigned to this material by previous knowledge.

AmountConcentration
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/AmountOfSubstanceConcentrationOfB
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00295
comment: The amount of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture.
alternative label: Concentration
alternative label: MolarConcentration
alternative label: Molarity

ElectricCurrentDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0

AssemblyLine
type: Class
elucidation: A manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to create an end product.
comment: Is not collection, since the connection between the elements of an assembly line occurs through the flow of objects that are processed.

LiquidFoam
type: Class
elucidation: A foam of trapped gas in a liquid.

Hectare
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: ha
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/HA
dbpediaReference: http://dbpedia.org/page/Hectare
definition: A non-SI metric unit of area defined as the square with 100-metre sides.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare

InChI
type: Class
elucidation: The International Chemical Identifier (InChI) textual identifier proposed by IUPAC to provide a standard encoding for databases of molecular information.

Icon
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A sign that stands for an object by resembling or imitating it, in shape, function or by sharing a similar logical structure.
example: A picture that reproduces the aspect of a person.
example: An equation that reproduces the logical connection of the properties of a physical entity.
comment: If object and sign belongs to the same class, then the sign is fuctional, diagrammatic and resemblance. For example, when a Boeing 747 is used as a sign for another Boeing 747.
comment: In Peirce semiotics three subtypes of icon are possible: (a) the image, which depends on a simple quality (e.g. picture) (b) the diagram, whose internal relations, mainly dyadic or so taken, represent by analogy the relations in something (e.g. math formula, geometric flowchart) (c) the metaphor, which represents the representative character of a sign by representing a parallelism in something else [Wikipedia]
alternative label: Model
alternative label: Simulacrum

Axiom
annotated property: comment
annotated target: In Peirce semiotics three subtypes of icon are possible: (a) the image, which depends on a simple quality (e.g. picture) (b) the diagram, whose internal relations, mainly dyadic or so taken, represent by analogy the relations in something (e.g. math formula, geometric flowchart) (c) the metaphor, which represents the representative character of a sign by representing a parallelism in something else [Wikipedia]

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Model
etymology: From Latin modus (“measure”).

Axiom
annotated property: altLabel
annotated target: Simulacrum
etymology: From Latin simulacrum ("likeness, semblance")

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Icon
etymology: From Ancient Greek εἰκών (eikṓn, “likeness, image, portrait”).

Lumen
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: lm
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/LM
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03639
comment: Measurement unit for luminous flux.

Sphere
type: Class

FineStructureConstant
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/FineStructureConstant
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02389
comment: A fundamental physical constant characterizing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles.

Weber
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Wb
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/WB
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06666
comment: Measurement unit for magnetic flux.

Wavenumber
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Wavenumber
ISO80000Reference: 3-18
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06664
comment: The number of waves per unit length along the direction of propagation.

ConventionalQuantitativeProperty
type: Class
elucidation: A quantitative property attributed by agreement to a quantity for a given purpose.
example: The thermal conductivity of a copper sample in my laboratory can be assumed to be the conductivity that appears in the vendor specification. This value has been obtained by measurement of a sample which is not the one I have in my laboratory. This conductivity value is then a conventional quantitiative property assigned to my sample through a semiotic process in which no actual measurement is done by my laboratory. If I don't believe the vendor, then I can measure the actual thermal conductivity. I then perform a measurement process that semiotically assign another value for the conductivity, which is a measured property, since is part of a measurement process. Then I have two different physical quantities that are properties thanks to two different semiotic processes.
comment: A property that is associated to an object by convention, or assumption.

Language
type: Class
elucidation: A language object is a symbolic object respecting a specific language syntactic rules (a well-formed formula).

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Language
etymology: From Latin lingua (“tongue, speech, language”), from Old Latin dingua (“tongue”).

Data
type: Class
elucidation: A symbolic object arranged by an agent in order to carry a structured set of symbols that can be interpreted as information following a convention.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Data
etymology: From Latin data, nominative plural of datum (“that is given”), neuter past participle of dō (“I give”).

Status
type: Class
elucidation: An object which is an holistic temporal part of a process.
example: A semi-naked man is a status in the process of a man's dressing.

Lux
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: lx
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/LUX
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03651
comment: Measurement unit for illuminance.

NewtonianConstantOfGravity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/NewtonianConstantOfGravitation
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02695
comment: Physical constant in Newton's law of gravitation and in Einstein's general theory of relativity.

Zetta
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1.0E21
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Z

Assigned
type: Class

ThermodynamicalQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-5.

IonAtom
type: Class
elucidation: A standalone atom with an unbalanced number of electrons with respect to its atomic number.
comment: The ion_atom is the basic part of a pure ionic bonded compound i.e. without eclectron sharing,

Ampere
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: A
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/A
definition: The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge e to be 1.602176634×10−19 when expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A s, where the second is defined in terms of ∆νCs.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00300

BaseUnit
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A set of units that correspond to the base quantities in a system of units.

NaturalLaw
type: Class

Neutrino
type: Class

Sievert
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Sv
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/SV
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_dose
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05658
comment: Measurement unit for equivalent doseof ionizing radiation. Sievert is derived from absorbed dose, but takes into account the biological effectiveness of the radiation, which is dependent on the radiation type and energy.

Determined
type: Class

MassNumber
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/MassNumber
definition: Number of nucleons in an atomic nucleus.
alternative label: AtomicMassNumber
alternative label: NucleonNumber

Gustatory
type: Class

QuantitativeProperty
type: Class
definition: "A property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has a magnitude that can be expressed by means of a number and a reference" ISO 80000-1 "A reference can be a measurement unit, a measurement procedure, a reference material, or a combination of such." International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
elucidation: A 'Quantity' that can be quantified with respect to a standardized reference physical instance (e.g. the prototype meter bar, the kg prototype) or method (e.g. resilience) through a measurement process.
comment: A quantitative property is always expresssed as a quantity (i.e. a number and a reference unit). For the EMMO, a nominalistic ontology, there is no property as abstract object. A property is a sign that stands for an object according to a specific code shared by some observers. For quantititative properties, one possible code that is shared between the scientific community (the observers) is the SI system of units.
comment: Subclasses of 'QuantitativeProperty' classify objects according to the type semiosis that is used to connect the property to the object (e.g. by measurement, by convention, by modelling).

VacuumMagneticPermeability
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/ElectromagneticPermeabilityOfVacuum
ISO80000Reference: 6-26.1
comment: The DBpedia and UIPAC Gold Book definitions (http://dbpedia.org/page/Vacuum_permeability, https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04504) are outdated since May 20, 2019. It is now a measured constant.
comment: The value of magnetic permeability in a classical vacuum.
alternative label: PermeabilityOfVacuum

Mole
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: mol
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/MOL
definition: The mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of substance. One mole contains exactly 6.022 140 76 × 1023 elementary entities. This number is the fixed numerical value of the Avogadro constant, NA, when expressed in the unit mol−1 and is called the Avogadro number. The amount of substance, symbol n, of a system is a measure of the number of specified elementary entities. An elementary entity may be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an electron, any other particle or specified group of particles.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03980

Neutron
type: Class

ChemicalSubstance
type: Class
elucidation: Matter of constant composition best characterized by the entities (molecules, formula units, atoms) it is composed of.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01039
comment: A substance is always composed of more than one molecular entity. It lays in the continuum or mesoscopic domain.

Homonuclear
type: Class
elucidation: A molecule with only one nucleus.
example: A helium molecule in a gas.
alternative label: ElementalMolecule

Persistence
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: The union of the object or process classes.
comment: The interest is on the 4D object as it extends in time (process) or as it persists in time (object): - object (focus on spatial configuration) - process (focus on temporal evolution) The concepts of endurant and perdurant implicitly rely on the concept of instantaneous 3D snapshot of the world object, that in the EMMO is not allowed since everything extends in 4D and there are no abstract objects. Moreover, time is a measured property in the EMMO and not an objective characteristic of an object, and cannot be used as temporal index to identify endurant position in time. For this reason an individual in the EMMO can always be classified both endurant and perdurant, due to its nature of 4D entity (e.g. an individual may belong both to the class of runners and the class of running process), and the distinction is purely semantic. In fact, the object/process distinction is simply a matter of convenience in a 4D approach since a temporal extension is always the case, and stationarity depends upon observer time scale. For this reason, the same individual (4D object) may play the role of a process or of an object class depending on the object to which it relates. Nevertheless, it is useful to introduce categorizations that characterize persistency through continuant and occurrent concepts, even if not ontologically but only cognitively defined. This is also due to the fact that our language distinguish between nouns and verbs to address things, forcing the separation between things that happens and things that persist. This perspective provides classes conceptually similar to the concepts of endurant and perdurant (a.k.a. continuant and occurrent). We claim that this distinction is motivated by our cognitive bias, and we do not commit to the fact that both these kinds of entity “do really exist”. For this reason, a whole instance can be both process and object, according to different cognitive approaches (see Wonderweb D17). The distinction between endurant and perdurant a…

GasLiquidSuspension
type: Class
elucidation: A coarse dispersion of liquid in a gas continuum phase.
example: Rain, spray.

Olfactory
type: Class

UTF8
type: Class

ElectricResistivity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Resistivity
ISO80000Reference: 6-44
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05316
comment: Electric field strength divided by the current density.
alternative label: Resistivity

Nano
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1.0E-9
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: n

Volt
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: V
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/V
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.V06634
comment: Measurement unit for voltage.

ElectronVolt
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: eV
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/EV
dbpediaReference: http://dbpedia.org/page/Electronvolt
definition: The amount of energy gained (or lost) by the charge of a single electron moving across an electric potential difference of one volt.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02014

ChemicalCompound
type: Class
elucidation: A chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) composed of atoms from more than one element held together by chemical bonds.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound

LuminousFlux
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/LuminousFlux
ISO80000Reference: 7-13
elucidation: Perceived power of light.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03646

Acceleration
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Acceleration
ISO80000Reference: 3-9.1
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00051
comment: Derivative of velocity with respect to time.

Dust
type: Class
elucidation: A suspension of fine particles in the atmosphere.

RadiantFlux
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/RadiantFlux
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05046
comment: The radiant energy emitted, reflected, transmitted or received, per unit time.

FinalStage
type: Class

AmountDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0

MaterialRelation
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: An 'equation' that stands for a physical assumption specific to a material, and provides an expression for a 'physics_quantity' (the dependent variable) as function of other variables, physics_quantity or data (independent variables).
example: The Lennard-Jones potential. A force field. An Hamiltonian.
comment: A material_relation can e.g. return a predefined number, return a database query, be an equation that depends on other physics_quantities.

MasslessElementary
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: The union of classes of elementary particles that do not possess mass.

Equation
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: The class of 'mathematical'-s that stand for a statement of equality between two mathematical expressions.
example: 2+3 = 5 x^2 +3x = 5x dv/dt = a sin(x) = y
comment: An equation with variables can always be represented as: f(v0, v1, ..., vn) = g(v0, v1, ..., vn) where f is the left hand and g the right hand side expressions and v0, v1, ..., vn are the variables.

Hertz
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Hz
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/HZ
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02785
comment: Measurement unit for frequence.

Yotta
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1.0E24
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Y

CausalSystem
type: Class
elucidation: A non-elemntary causal object.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: CausalSystem
etymology: From Ancient Greek σύστημα (sústēma, “musical scale; organized body; whole made of several parts or members”), from σῠν- (sun-, prefix meaning ‘with, together’) + ἵστημι (hístēmi, “to stand”).

SpeedFractionUnit
type: Class
elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two speeds.
example: Unit for refractive index.

SolidAngle
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SolidAngle
ISO80000Reference: 3-6
elucidation: Ratio of area on a sphere to its radius squared.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05732

Hypothesis
type: Class
elucidation: A hypothesis is a theory, estimated and objective, since its estimated premises are objective.

ElectricResistance
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Resistance
ISO80000Reference: 6-46
elucidation: Measure of the difficulty to pass an electric current through a material.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01936
comment: Inverse of 'ElectricalConductance'.
alternative label: Resistance

AmountConcentrationDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T0 L-3 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0

LiquidSolidSuspension
type: Class
elucidation: A coarse dispersion of solids in a liquid continuum phase.
example: Mud

CoulombMetre
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: Measurement unit for electric dipole moment.

SISpecialUnit
type: Class
elucidation: The 22 derived units that are given a special name in the SI system that stands for units derived by SI base units.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units#Derived_units
comment: These units are SI coherent by definition.

Observer
type: Class
elucidation: A characteriser that declares a property for an object through the specific interaction required by the property definition.

Item
type: Class
elucidation: The class of individuals standing for world self-connected objects.
comment: A world object is self-connected if any two parts that make up the whole are topologically connected to each other. In the EMMO, topological connectivity is based on causality. All physical systems, i.e. systems whose behaviour is explained by physics laws, are represented only by 'Item'-s. Members of a 'Collection' lack of causality connection, i.e. they do not constitute a physical system as a whole.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Item
etymology: From Latin item, "likewise, just so, moreover".

Graviton
type: Class
elucidation: The class of individuals that stand for gravitons elementary particles.
comment: While this particle is only supposed to exist, the EMMO approach to classical and quantum systems represents fields as made of particles. For this reason graviton is an useful concept to homogenize the approach between different fields.

VonKlitzingConstant
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/VonKlitzingConstant
definition: The von Klitzing constant is defined as Planck constant divided by the square of the elementary charge.
comment: Resistance quantum.

Atom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A standalone atom has direct part one 'nucleus' and one 'electron_cloud'. An O 'atom' within an O2 'molecule' is an 'e-bonded_atom'. In this material branch, H atom is a particular case, with respect to higher atomic number atoms, since as soon as it shares its electron it has no nucleus entangled electron cloud. We cannot say that H2 molecule has direct part two H atoms, but has direct part two H nucleus.
comment: An 'atom' is a 'nucleus' surrounded by an 'electron_cloud', i.e. a quantum system made of one or more bounded electrons.
alternative label: ChemicalElement

Representation
type: Class
elucidation: A graphical object aimed to represent schematically the conceptual, tempral or spatial structure of another object.

TauNeutrino
type: Class

LightAndRadiationQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: Quantities categorised according to ISO 80000-7.

Mixture
type: Class
elucidation: A Miixture is a material made up of two or more different substances which are physically (not chemically) combined.

ManufacturedMaterial
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
elucidation: A material that is obtained through a manufacturing process.
alternative label: EngineeredMaterial
alternative label: ProcessedMaterial

MagneticFluxDensityDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L0 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0

MomentumDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-1 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

ChemicalRepresentation
type: Class
elucidation: A representation of objects belonging to the chemistry field.

ReciprocalLength
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/InverseLength
elucidation: The inverse of length.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal_length
alternative label: InverseLength

Mass
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Mass
ISO80000Reference: 4-1
elucidation: Property of a physical body that express its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a force is applied.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03709

SpatiallyFundamental
type: Class
elucidation: The class of individuals that satisfy a whole defining criteria (i.e. belongs to a subclass of whole) and have no spatial parts that satisfy that same criteria (no parts that are of the same type of the whole).

AntiMatter
type: Class

NumberOfElements
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: Number of direct parts of a Reductionistic.
comment: Using direct parthood EMMO creates a well-defined broadcasting between granularity levels. This also make it possible to count the direct parts of each granularity level.

MaterialLaw
type: Class

Volume
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Volume
ISO80000Reference: 3-4
comment: Extent of an object in space.

Siemens
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: S
comment: Measurement unit for electrical conductance.

Assigner
type: Class
elucidation: A estimator that uses its predefined knowledge to declare a property of an object.
example: I estimate the molecular mass of the gas in my bottle as 1.00784 u because it is tagged as H.

SIExactConstant
type: Class
elucidation: Physical constant that by definition (after the latest revision of the SI system that was enforsed May 2019) has a known exact numerical value when expressed in SI units.

MeasuringInstrument
type: Class
elucidation: Device used for making measurements, alone or in conjunction with one or more supplementary devices. -- VIM
VIMTerm: measuring instrument
comment: A measuring instrument that can be used alone is a measuring system.

InternationalSystemOfQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: Quantities declared under the ISO 80000.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Quantities

Angle
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/PlaneAngle
definition: Ratio of circular arc length to radius.
ISO80000Reference: 3-5
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00346
alternative label: PlaneAngle

Yocto
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Restriction
    has value: 1.0E-24
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: y

EnergyDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0

Quantity
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
elucidation: A symbolic that has parts a reference unit and a numerical object separated by a space expressing the value of a quantitative property (expressed as the product of the numerical and the unit).
example: 6.8 m 0.9 km 8 K 6 MeV 43.5 HRC(150 kg)
VIMTerm: quantity value
comment: A quantity is not necessarily a property, since it is possible to write "10 kg", without assigning this quantity to a specific object. However, a quantitative property is always a quantity.
comment: Referred as Quantity Value in International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
comment: SI distinguishes between a quantity (an abstract concept) and the quantity value (a number and a reference). The EMMO, following strict nominalism, denies the existence of abstract objects and then collapses the two concepts of SI quantity and SI quantity value into a single one: the 'Quantity'. So, for the EMMO the symbol "kg" is not a physical quantity but simply a 'Symbolic' object categorized as a 'MeasurementUnit'. While the string "1 kg" is a 'Physical Quantity'.

ConstitutiveProcess
type: Class
elucidation: A process which is an holistic spatial part of an object.
example: Blood circulation in a human body.

MathematicalOperator
type: Class

Component
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: A constituent of a system.

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Component
etymology: From Latin compōnēns, compōnēntis, present participle of compōnō (“assemble, put together”).

AmountFractionUnit
type: Class
elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two amount of substance.
example: Unit for amount fraction.

MathematicalModel
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
comment: A mathematical model can be defined as a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language to facilitate proper explanation of a system or to study the effects of different components and to make predictions on patterns of behaviour. Abramowitz and Stegun, 1968
comment: solvable or unsolvable mathematical equtions? Maybe an equation is only diagrammatic (it does not predict) but the funsction which is a solution of the equation is functional, but not diagrammatic.

AtomicNucleus
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction

Hyperon
type: Class

DifferentialOperator
type: Class

Tonne
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: t
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/TON_M
definition: A non-SI unit defined as 1000 kg.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06394

Integer
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  some values from: integer
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: integer
subclass of: Restriction
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on data range: integer
elucidation: An integer number.

ZBoson
type: Class

Network
type: Class
elucidation: A system whose is mainly characterised by the way in which elements are interconnected.

Modeller
type: Class
elucidation: A estimator that uses modelling to declare a property of an object (i.e. infer a property from other properties).

HyperfineTransitionFrequencyOfCs
type: Class
elucidation: The frequency standard in the SI system in which the photon absorption by transitions between the two hyperfine ground states of caesium-133 atoms are used to control the output frequency. It defines the base unit second in the SI system.

Gram
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: g
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/GM
definition: Gram is defined as one thousandth of the SI unit kilogram.
wikipediaReference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02680

Expression
type: Class
elucidation: A well-formed finite combination of mathematical symbols according to some specific rules.

PermeabilityDimension
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  has value: T-2 L+1 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0

RatioQuantity
type: Class
elucidation: The class of quantities that are the ratio of two quantities with the same physical dimensionality.
example: refractive index, volume fraction, fine structure constant
comment: Quantities defined as ratios `Q=A/B` having equal dimensions in numerator and denominator are dimensionless quantities but still have a physical dimension defined as dim(A)/dim(B). Johansson, Ingvar (2010). "Metrological thinking needs the notions of parametric quantities, units and dimensions". Metrologia. 47 (3): 219–230. doi:10.1088/0026-1394/47/3/012. ISSN 0026-1394.

Henry
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: H
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/H
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02782
comment: Measurement unit for electrical inductance.

SpatialRole
type: Class
elucidation: An holistic spatial part of a whole.
alternative label: HolisticSpatialPart

VectorBoson
type: Class

Unknown
type: Class
elucidation: The dependent variable for which an equation has been written.
example: Velocity, for the Navier-Stokes equation.

SIUnit
type: Class
elucidation: The set of units provided by the SI referring to the ISQ.
comment: The complete set of SI units includes both the coherent set and the multiples and sub-multiples formed by using the SI prefixes.
comment: The names, symbols and prefixes of SI units are defined by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures

ElectricConductance
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Conductance
ISO80000Reference: 6-47
elucidation: Measure of the ease for electric current to pass through a material.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01925
comment: Inverse of 'ElectricalResistance'.
alternative label: Conductance

BoltzmannConstant
type: Class
qudtReference: http://qudt.org/vocab/constant/BoltzmannConstant
elucidation: A physical constant relating energy at the individual particle level with temperature. It is the gas constant R divided by the Avogadro constant. It defines the Kelvin unit in the SI system.
iupacReference: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.B00695
comment: The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Boltzmann_constant) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.

CrystallineMaterial
type: Class
comment: Suggestion of Rickard Armiento

Crystal
type: Class
elucidation: A material is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. A solid is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. The word essentially means that most of the intensity of the diffraction is concentrated in relatively sharp Bragg peaks, besides the always present diffuse scattering. In all cases, the positions of the diffraction peaks can be expressed by H=∑ni=1hia∗i (n≥3)

Axiom
annotated target: A material is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. A solid is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. The word essentially means that most of the intensity of the diffraction is concentrated in relatively sharp Bragg peaks, besides the always present diffuse scattering. In all cases, the positions of the diffraction peaks can be expressed by H=∑ni=1hia∗i (n≥3)

Axiom
annotated property: prefLabel
annotated target: Crystal
etymology: From Ancient Greek κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “clear ice”), from κρύος (krúos, “frost”).

GasMixture
type: Class
equivalent class: Class

Mesoscopic
type: Class

SolidMixture
type: Class
equivalent class: Class

CarbonAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 12.011
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 6
elucidation: Atom subclass for carbon.

UraniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: U

OsmiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 190.23
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 76
elucidation: Atom subclass for osmium.

GadoliniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 157.25
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 64
elucidation: Atom subclass for gadolinium.

LithiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Li

CadmiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 112.414
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 48
elucidation: Atom subclass for cadmium.

BohriumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Bh

CuriumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 247.07035
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 96
elucidation: Atom subclass for curium.

LutetiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 174.9668
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 71
elucidation: Atom subclass for lutetium.

TinSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Sn

ArsenicSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: As

ZincSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Zn

GoldAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 196.966569
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 79
elucidation: Atom subclass for gold.

MolybdenumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 95.95
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 42
elucidation: Atom subclass for molybdenum.

BismuthAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 208.9804
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 83
elucidation: Atom subclass for bismuth.

RutheniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ru

TitaniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 47.867
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 22
elucidation: Atom subclass for titanium.

VanadiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: V

MercurySymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Hg

PlatinumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 195.084
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 78
elucidation: Atom subclass for platinum.

CeriumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 140.116
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 58
elucidation: Atom subclass for cerium.

ErbiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 167.259
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 68
elucidation: Atom subclass for erbium.

NeptuniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 237.04817
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 93
elucidation: Atom subclass for neptunium.

PlutoniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Pu

ManganeseSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Mn

AstatineAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 209.98715
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 85
elucidation: Atom subclass for astatine.

PraseodymiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 140.90766
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 59
elucidation: Atom subclass for praseodymium.

DysprosiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Dy

HassiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 269.1338
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 108
elucidation: Atom subclass for hassium.

BariumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 137.327
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 56
elucidation: Atom subclass for barium.

FleroviumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Fl

TitaniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ti

NickelSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ni

ProtactiniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Pa

MendeleviumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Md

NeonAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 20.1797
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 10
elucidation: Atom subclass for neon.

NitrogenAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 14.007
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 7
elucidation: Atom subclass for nitrogen.

GadoliniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Gd

NitrogenSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: N

FranciumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 223.01974
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 87
elucidation: Atom subclass for francium.

ProtactiniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 231.03588
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 91
elucidation: Atom subclass for protactinium.

ChromiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 51.9961
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 24
elucidation: Atom subclass for chromium.

CalciumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 40.078
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 20
elucidation: Atom subclass for calcium.

ManganeseAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 54.938044
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 25
elucidation: Atom subclass for manganese.

HeliumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 4.002602
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 2
elucidation: Atom subclass for helium.

ChlorineSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Cl

EinsteiniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 252.083
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 99
elucidation: Atom subclass for einsteinium.

NeodymiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 144.242
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 60
elucidation: Atom subclass for neodymium.

NeonSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ne

LivermoriumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Lv

MeitneriumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 278.156
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 109
elucidation: Atom subclass for meitnerium.

PraseodymiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Pr

ErbiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Er

FluorineSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: F

SilverAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 107.8682
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 47
elucidation: Atom subclass for silver.

ActiniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 227.02775
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 89
elucidation: Atom subclass for actinium.

CalciumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ca

LithiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 6.94
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 3
elucidation: Atom subclass for lithium.

RhodiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 102.9055
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 45
elucidation: Atom subclass for rhodium.

ActiniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ac

RadiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 226.02541
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 88
elucidation: Atom subclass for radium.

RoentgeniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 281.166
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 111
elucidation: Atom subclass for roentgenium.

ScandiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Sc

SeaborgiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Sg

CobaltAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 58.933194
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 27
elucidation: Atom subclass for cobalt.

ArsenicAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 74.921595
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 33
elucidation: Atom subclass for arsenic.

BromineSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Br

LawrenciumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 262.11
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 103
elucidation: Atom subclass for lawrencium.

DubniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Db

CeriumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ce

EuropiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Eu

OxygenAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 15.999
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 8
elucidation: Atom subclass for oxygen.

TennessineSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ts

NobeliumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 259.101
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 102
elucidation: Atom subclass for nobelium.

CobaltSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Co

AntimonySymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Sb

SiliconSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Si

ChromiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Cr

IodineAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 126.90447
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 53
elucidation: Atom subclass for iodine.

DarmastadtiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 281.165
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 110
elucidation: Atom subclass for darmastadtium.

XenonAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 131.293
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 54
elucidation: Atom subclass for xenon.

CopperAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 63.546
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 29
elucidation: Atom subclass for copper.

ThalliumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Tl

ThoriumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 232.0377
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 90
elucidation: Atom subclass for thorium.

HydrogenAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 1.008
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 1
elucidation: Atom subclass for hydrogen.

IridiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 192.217
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 77
elucidation: Atom subclass for iridium.

BerkeliumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Bk

FermiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 257.09511
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 100
elucidation: Atom subclass for fermium.

BoronAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 10.81
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 5
elucidation: Atom subclass for boron.

TantalumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ta

StrontiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Sr

TerbiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Tb

SamariumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 150.36
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 62
elucidation: Atom subclass for samarium.

LutetiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Lu

SulfurSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: S

IndiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: In

BohriumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 270.133
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 107
elucidation: Atom subclass for bohrium.

SeaborgiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 271.134
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 106
elucidation: Atom subclass for seaborgium.

TungstenSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: W

GermaniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 72.63
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 32
elucidation: Atom subclass for germanium.

ArgonSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ar

EinsteiniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Es

GermaniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ge

PhosphorusSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: P

PlutoniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 244.06421
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 94
elucidation: Atom subclass for plutonium.

TennessineAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 293.208
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 117
elucidation: Atom subclass for tennessine.

LeadSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Pb

IronSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Fe

GalliumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 69.723
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 31
elucidation: Atom subclass for gallium.

DarmastadtiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ds

KryptonAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 83.798
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 36
elucidation: Atom subclass for krypton.

YttriumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 88.90584
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 39
elucidation: Atom subclass for yttrium.

PromethiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 144.91276
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 61
elucidation: Atom subclass for promethium.

LeadAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 207.2
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 82
elucidation: Atom subclass for lead.

YttriumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Y

ArgonAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 39.948
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 18
elucidation: Atom subclass for argon.

NihoniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 286.182
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 113
elucidation: Atom subclass for nihonium.

PoloniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 208.98243
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 84
elucidation: Atom subclass for polonium.

RutherfordiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 267.122
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 104
elucidation: Atom subclass for rutherfordium.

PhosphorusAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 30.973761998
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 15
elucidation: Atom subclass for phosphorus.

SiliconAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 28.085
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 14
elucidation: Atom subclass for silicon.

FleroviumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 289.19
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 114
elucidation: Atom subclass for flerovium.

ZirconiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Zr

TungstenAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 183.84
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 74
elucidation: Atom subclass for tungsten.

KryptonSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Kr

AluminiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 26.9815385
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 13
elucidation: Atom subclass for aluminium.

SeleniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 78.971
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 34
elucidation: Atom subclass for selenium.

GoldSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Au

ThuliumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 168.93422
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 69
elucidation: Atom subclass for thulium.

ThuliumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Tm

CaesiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 132.90545196
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 55
elucidation: Atom subclass for caesium.

SulfurAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 32.06
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 16
elucidation: Atom subclass for sulfur.

PalladiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Pd

EuropiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 151.964
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 63
elucidation: Atom subclass for europium.

TechnetiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Tc

RheniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Re

YtterbiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 173.054
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 70
elucidation: Atom subclass for ytterbium.

RheniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 186.207
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 75
elucidation: Atom subclass for rhenium.

StrontiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 87.62
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 38
elucidation: Atom subclass for strontium.

NihoniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Nh

MagnesiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Mg

CoperniciumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Cn

HydrogenSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: H

RutheniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 101.07
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 44
elucidation: Atom subclass for ruthenium.

SamariumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Sm

IndiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 114.818
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 49
elucidation: Atom subclass for indium.

OxygenSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: O

RadiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ra

TinAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 118.71
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 50
elucidation: Atom subclass for tin.

FermiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Fm

TechnetiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 97.90721
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 43
elucidation: Atom subclass for technetium.

BoronSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: B

LanthanumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: La

IronAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 55.845
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 26
elucidation: Atom subclass for iron.

CarbonSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: C

PotassiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: K

NiobiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 92.90637
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 41
elucidation: Atom subclass for niobium.

PoloniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Po

NeodymiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Nd

LanthanumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 138.90547
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 57
elucidation: Atom subclass for lanthanum.

CadmiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Cd

UraniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 238.02891
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 92
elucidation: Atom subclass for uranium.

MeitneriumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Mt

BromineAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 79.904
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 35
elucidation: Atom subclass for bromine.

BerylliumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Be

CaliforniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 251.07959
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 98
elucidation: Atom subclass for californium.

GalliumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ga

MoscoviumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 289.194
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 115
elucidation: Atom subclass for moscovium.

DubniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 268.126
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 105
elucidation: Atom subclass for dubnium.

BerylliumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 9.0121831
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 4
elucidation: Atom subclass for beryllium.

IridiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ir

ChlorineAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 35.45
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 17
elucidation: Atom subclass for chlorine.

MercuryAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 200.592
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 80
elucidation: Atom subclass for mercury.

ThalliumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 204.38
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 81
elucidation: Atom subclass for thallium.

CopperSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Cu

SodiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Na

ZirconiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 91.224
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 40
elucidation: Atom subclass for zirconium.

IodineSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: I

RoentgeniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Rg

TelluriumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 127.6
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 52
elucidation: Atom subclass for tellurium.

NobeliumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: No

AntimonyAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 121.76
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 51
elucidation: Atom subclass for antimony.

FranciumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Fr

PromethiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Pm

AstatineSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: At

RubidiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 85.4678
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 37
elucidation: Atom subclass for rubidium.

CuriumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Cm

HafniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Hf

NickelAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 58.6934
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 28
elucidation: Atom subclass for nickel.

PalladiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 106.42
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 46
elucidation: Atom subclass for palladium.

RutherfordiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Rf

MoscoviumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Mc

TelluriumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Te

SeleniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Se

OganessonAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 294.214
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 118
elucidation: Atom subclass for oganesson.

RadonSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Rn

BerkeliumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 247.07031
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 97
elucidation: Atom subclass for berkelium.

BariumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ba

PotassiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 39.0983
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 19
elucidation: Atom subclass for potassium.

TantalumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 180.94788
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 73
elucidation: Atom subclass for tantalum.

RhodiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Rh

SodiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 22.98976928
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 11
elucidation: Atom subclass for sodium.

HolmiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ho

DysprosiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 162.5
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 66
elucidation: Atom subclass for dysprosium.

HafniumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 178.49
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 72
elucidation: Atom subclass for hafnium.

TerbiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 158.92535
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 65
elucidation: Atom subclass for terbium.

MolybdenumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Mo

PlatinumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Pt

OganessonSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Og

SilverSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Ag

MendeleviumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 258.09843
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 101
elucidation: Atom subclass for mendelevium.

NeptuniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Np

ThoriumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Th

BismuthSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Bi

HassiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Hs

VanadiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 50.9415
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 23
elucidation: Atom subclass for vanadium.

NiobiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Nb

AmericiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Am

LawrenciumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Lr

LivermoriumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 293.204
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 116
elucidation: Atom subclass for livermorium.

ZincAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 65.38
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 30
elucidation: Atom subclass for zinc.

CaesiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Cs

AmericiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 243.06138
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 95
elucidation: Atom subclass for americium.

CoperniciumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 285.177
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 112
elucidation: Atom subclass for copernicium.

RubidiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Rb

HeliumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: He

OsmiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Os

XenonSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Xe

ScandiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 44.955908
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 21
elucidation: Atom subclass for scandium.

AluminiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Al

HolmiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 164.93033
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 67
elucidation: Atom subclass for holmium.

RadonAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 222.01758
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 86
elucidation: Atom subclass for radon.

YtterbiumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Yb

CaliforniumSymbol
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: Cf

FluorineAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 18.998403163
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 9
elucidation: Atom subclass for fluorine.

MagnesiumAtom
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 24.305
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: 12
elucidation: Atom subclass for magnesium.

PhysicalProcess
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
comment: a matter transformation process

EnergyTransportProcess
type: Class

PricePerUnit
type: Class

Offshore
type: Class

SpentPart
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction

SpentEngineered
type: Class

AirVehicle
type: Class

Container
type: Class

TransformationProcess
type: Class
comment: Process that transforms but does not necessarily assemble matter

Energy
type: Class
comment: Energy as physical concept

MiningSite
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction

PricePerWeight
type: Class

City
type: Class

PressureTreatment
type: Class

WaterVehicle
type: Class

RawMaterial
type: Class

SpatialOrderedElement
type: Class
comment: preserved from emmo beta 1

EngineeredPart
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
elucidation: Matter with a defined shape, consisting of other EngineeredParts or a Materal. Connects Matter with Participant.
comment: Unlike a device, the focus is on the composition and not on the role in a process

Location
type: Class
comment: site, place

Ore
type: Class

Smelting
type: Class

RawMaterialDeposit
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction

Vehicle
type: Class

Mining
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction

Mixing
type: Class

Sorting
type: Class

RotaryMixing
type: Class

Refining
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction

Logistics
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction

SpentMaterial
type: Class

AirFlowSorting
type: Class

MeasurementProcess
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction

Sintering
type: Class

Ship
type: Class

GeographicLocation
type: Class

MatterTransportProcess
type: Class

Country
type: Class

DensitySorting
type: Class

ProductionSite
type: Class

Onshore
type: Class

Disintegration
type: Class

RefinedMaterial
type: Class

Role
type: Class

TemporalOrderedElement
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Class
    union of: Nothing
comment: preserved from emmo beta 1

Centrifuging
type: Class

Train
type: Class

SizeSorting
type: Class

Information
type: Class

ChemicalProcess
type: Class
comment: Processes in which material is chemically modified, e. g. chemical synthesis

GeologicalLocation
type: Class

MonetaryValue
type: Class

ElectricFieldTreatment
type: Class
comment: Polarization, e.g. for piezoelectric materials

SpecificMonetaryValue
type: Class

RoadVehicle
type: Class

InformationTransportProcess
type: Class

RailVehicle
type: Class

TransportProcess
type: Class
elucidation: A process that manipulates the location of a participant

Assembly
type: Class

MagneticFieldTreatment
type: Class
comment: Polarization, e.g. for magnetic materials

PoliticalLocation
type: Class

UnspentMaterial
type: Class

Sieving
type: Class

Aircraft
type: Class

Recycling
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction

UnspentPart
type: Class

HeatTreatment
type: Class

Car
type: Class

LandVehicle
type: Class

Milling
type: Class

ProcessEnvironment
type: Class
comment: e.g. vacuum, Argon atmosphere

InformationalProcess
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
comment: a information transformation process, e. g. converting file formats, calculation of a mathematical expression

UnspentEngineered
type: Class

PricePerVolume
type: Class

Crushing
type: Class

Filtering
type: Class

ProcessLocation
type: Class

Application
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
comment: The actual use of a product

OrderedElement
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
comment: preserved from emmo beta 1

FieldTreatment
type: Class

Truck
type: Class
alternative label: Lorry

Universe
type: NamedIndividual

qualified cardinality: 1

qualified cardinality: 3

qualified cardinality: 1

qualified cardinality: 4

qualified cardinality: 1

min qualified cardinality: 1

min qualified cardinality: 1

min qualified cardinality: 2

qualified cardinality: 1

qualified cardinality: 1

qualified cardinality: 1

qualified cardinality: 1

qualified cardinality: 1

qualified cardinality: 1

qualified cardinality: 1

qualified cardinality: 1

qualified cardinality: 1